Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Survey of Swahili dictionaries: the macrostructure

100%

Wójtowicz B.

|

nr 50

5-39

EN

Swahili dictionaries have been on the market for over a century. New publications often take into account works that have been already published and base the list of headwords on older dictionaries. While this is widely accepted practice, nowadays also new, computer-based activities may no longer be ignored. Analysis presented in this paper aims at detecting the differences and similarities among Swahili bilingual published dictionaries on the macrostructural level, and at identifying possible trends in Swahili dictionary compilation. It also takes into account corpus-based methodology and points to its superiority over intuition-based methods in dictionary compilation.

2

The Dictionary Writing System Lexit and Its Application in Bilingual Lexicography

100%

Koeva S. , Blagoeva D.

|

nr 13

EN

The Dictionary Writing System Lexit and Its Application in Bilingual LexicographyThe paper presents LexIt – a web-based Dictionary Writing System designed for the creation and enlargement of dictionaries. A wide range of dictionaries – monolingual, specialised, multilingual, thesauri, can be configured with the system, as it enables users to model, copy, and save templates describing the structure of any dictionary. The paper describes a model for a bilingual dictionary containing phonetic, grammatical, stylistic, semantic, and collocational information and its configuration within LexIt. A bilingual dictionary is chosen for a demonstration, as its entries have a complex structure that includes various elements reflecting the correspondences between source and target languages.

3

So-called dictionary equivalents confronted with parallel corpora (and the consequences for bilingual lexicography)

80%

KUBICKA E.

|

nr 2

75-89

EN

The study considers the question of whether (and how) bilingual dictionaries may be improved. The information presented in dictionaries has been confronted with textual reality (i.e., with examples of actual translations), based on the German expression fassungslos and its Polish equivalents in parallel texts. The author assumes that bilingual dictionaries are mainly used by language learners, while professional translators may consider them as one of many possible sources. In teaching, multiplying the possible equivalents or suggesting ad hoc solutions is generally not recommended. Despite the attempts at objectivizing lexicographic descriptions, which are made possible by using language corpora, it often turns out that the decisions made by dictionary authors are (and need to be) arbitrary

4

Rosyjskie skrótowce porewolucyjne w pierwszych radzieckich słownikach dwujęzycznych

80%

Mędelska J.

|

tom 34

EN

Russian post-revolutionary abbreviations in the first bilingual Russian dictionariesThe process of real expansion of abbreviations started at the end of 19th century and it developed tremendously in 20th century. The process of creating abbreviations in Russian became active after World War I and suddenly became widespread particularly in the post-revolutionary period. At that time abbreviations were created spontaneously and in a disorganized way, yet numerous creations were commonly used. The period of time during which they were used was usually short, compare: ОСОАВИАХИМ (= Общество содействия обороне, авиации и химическому строительству). In most cases they were names of political parties, combat, revolutionary, social and other organizations, for instance: волисполком, военкомат, ревком. This characteristic type of Russian lexis was very troublesome for Polish intellectuals who were trying to code the Polish Russian language, i.e. specific, language code with many Russian and Soviet idioms that was used by the Polish living in the Soviet Union during the post-revolutionary period. Attempts to standardize abbreviations were reflected in translation dictionaries (Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish) published in Moscow in the 30s of 20th century. Русские послереволюционные аббревиатуры в первых советских двуязычных словаряхПроцесс настоящей экспансии аббревиатур начался в конце XIX столетия и продолжался, продвигаясь большими темпами, в ХХ веке. В русском языке аббревиация сильно активизировалась после первой мировой войы, особенно бурно распространялась в ранний послереволюционный период. В то время аббревиатуры образовались спонтанно, стихийно, неупорядоченно, но – несмотря на это – многие подобные образования попадали в общенародный обиход. Как правило, их жизнь быстро обрывалась, ср. ОСОАВИАХИМ (= Общество содействия обороне, авиации и химическому строительству). В основном это были названия политических партий, боевых, революционных, общественных и др. организаций, напр.: волисполком, военкомат, ревком. Этот характерный слой русской лексики доставлял много хлопот польским интеллигентам, пытавшимся кодифицировать советский польский язык, этот особый, сильнорусифицированный и советизированный языковой код, используемый поляками, проживавшими в СССР в межвоенный период. Попытки нормализовать образования аббревиатурного типа нашли отражение в переводных словарях (польско-русском и русско-польском), выпущенных в Москве в 30-е годы ХХ в.

5

Fonetyczno-graficzny obraz polszczyzny końca XIX stulecia zawarty w hasłach literowych słownika polsko-rosyjskiego Piotra Dubrowskiego

80%

Mędelska J.

|

tom XXIII/3

215–225

PL

Autorka przedstawia obraz XIX-wiecznej wymowy i pisowni polskiej wyłaniający się ze wskazówek na temat realizacji głoskowej liter polskiego alfabetu. Te rekomendacje fonetyczne, skierowane do Rosjan, zawarte są w artykułach hasłowych z literami w nagłówkach zamieszczonymi w słowniku polsko-rosyjskim P. Dubrowskiego. Stwierdzono, że opracowując zasady współczesnej sobie polskiej wymowy (rzadziej pisowni), Rosjanin P. Dubrowski niekiedy odrzucał dane przedstawione w słownikach jednojęzycznych i prezentował swoje stanowisko albo – wobec braku w źródłach potrzebnej informacji – opierał się na własnych obserwacjach. Zdarzało mu się ignorować różnice artykulacyjne między głoskami przy zgodności funkcjonalnej. Słownikarz zazwyczaj upraszczał opisy, nie uwzględniał szczegółów i wyjątków, czasem istotnych. Prawdopodobnie celowo nie komplikował deskrypcji, ale możliwe też, że będąc nierodzimym użytkownikiem polszczyzny, po prostu pewnych kwestii nie dostrzegał, innych nie uważał za ważne, wiedząc z własnego doświadczenia, że nie zaburzają procesu komunikacji. Rezultaty analizy wskazują też, że wiele nieścisłości dostrzeżonych w opisach polskich głosek mogło wynikać ze wschodniosłowiańskich przyzwyczajeń mownych rosyjskiego słownikarza, urodzonego na ziemi ukraińskiej i osłuchanego z polszczyzną kresową. Zestawienie rekomendacji P. Dubrowskiego z tendencjami rozwojowymi polszczyzny ostatniej ćwierci XIX w. zdaje się wskazywać na przywiązanie leksykografa do starszych norm. Jednakże ten konserwatyzm leksykografa mógł być tylko pozorny i jedynie odzwierciedlać nawyki artykulacyjne osoby rosyjskojęzycznej.

EN

The author presents the image of 19th-century Polish pronunciation and spelling that emerges from the guidelines for the vocal realization of the Polish alphabet letters. These phonetic recommendations, addressed to Russians, are contained in headword entries for letters in the Polish-Russian dictionary by Pyotr Dubrovsky. It was found that in developing the principles of contemporary Polish pronunciation (less frequently spelling), Dubrovsky, a Russian himself, sometimes disregarded data available in monolingual dictionaries and presented his position, or in the absence of necessary information in sources based his conclusions on his own observations. He occasionally ignored articulatory differences between phones with functional compatibility. Simplifying descriptions, he did not consider details and exceptions, sometimes even important ones. It is likely that he intentionally did not overcomplicate the descriptors, but being a non-native speaker of Polish, he might not simply have noticed certain issues, while he must have considered others unimportant, knowing from his own experience that they did not disrupt the communication process. Research results also indicate that many of the inaccuracies noted in the descriptions of Polish sounds may have resulted from the Eastern Slavic speech habits of the Russian lexicographer, who was born in Ukraine and listened to the Polish language of Kresy. The comparison of Dubrovsky’s recommendations with developmental trends of the Polish language in the last quarter of the 19th century seems to reveal the lexicographer’s attachment to older standards. However, such conservatism may only be apparent, while in fact reflecting the articulatory habits of a speaker of Russian.

6

Nowy słownik polsko-łaciński. Propozycje założeń

57%

Kardas K.

|

tom 35

61-70

EN

This paper focuses on presenting the most important, as it seems, lexicographical assumptions for a new Polish-Latin dictionary, that can be used, if the works on it will ever start. The main contained there ques- tions deals with problem of potential target user (basing on his own experience as a translator, author of pa- per suggest to aim new dictionary at two kinds of people: professionals (philologists, translators etc.) and non-educated in Latin, and also gives some guidelines, how practically join the needs of both types of users), selection of Polish lexemes for its word-list and possible parts of its macrostructure. Presented assuptions had been work out using the ideas of great Polish lexicographers and also bases on observations of modern languages’ dictionaries (and history of Polish lexicography) with special regard for unique character of Latin as a target language in dictionary. Secondary aim of paper is to point out as a problem the lack of adequate dictionary of this kind on Polish lexicographic market.

7

Polska leksykografia terminologiczna z komponentem rosyjskim z dziedziny mauk prawnych. Bibliografia słowników wydanych w latach 1803–2014

31%

Wojan K.

|

2015

|

nr 2

371–396

EN

The article contains a list of 126 legal lexicographical items (each including the Russian language), published in Poland during the years 1803–2014. The bibliography is composed in chronological order. The purpose of the article is to present the richness of terminography written by Polish specialists. The material in question has been excerpted and catalogued on the basis of bibliographical sources, scientific publications, publishing and library catalogues available at the time. The fact that so much bibliographical material has been collected proves that for publishers Russian is still a prestigious language, which enjoys a high social and communicative status. The bibliography exemplifies editorial dynamics and welcoming attitude towards the Russian language on the part of national publishers agencies and scientific centers.

RU

Настоящая статья представляет собой библиографический перечень 126 лексикографических изданий по правоведению и юридическим дисциплинам, изданных в Польше в 1803–2014 гг., языковым компонентом которых является русский. Главная цель работы экспонировать богатство терминографических работ, составленных польскими специалистами. Материал к библиографии собран и каталогизирован на основе библиографических источников, научных трудов, подписных каталогов и каталогов научных библиотек. Составление такого обширного библиографического перечня свидетельствует, несомненно, о том, что русский язык все время относится к группе престижных языков с высоким общественно-коммуникационным статусом, значимых в межкультурных контактах. Настоящая библиография отражает издательскую динамику в Польше и открытость на русский язык.