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1

Niemiecki dyskurs polityczny wokół „powrotu do natury” w kontekście umieralności niemowląt (początek XX wieku)

100%

Chojecki D. K.

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tom 37

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nr 4

125-140

EN

The article presents politicians’ views – often referring to scientific findings – on the reason of a relatively high infant mortality rate in Germany just before the First World War; it also outlines the remedies for that phenomenon. The analysis has been carried out on the basis of the published stenographic records of the meetings at the Reichstag building. The narrative is based on an objective comparative method, according to which a direct assessment of facts, events and processes is forbidden. The juxtaposed contents highlight a strong polarisation of political views, on the one hand represented by social democrats, and on the other by the rest of the members of Parliament and people connected with the Government, which allows insight into the theoretical and practical premises of the actions undertaken.

2

Zárodky filmovej cenzúry na začiatku 20. storočia

86%

Gregor M.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2020

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tom 159

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nr 5

402-416

EN

In 1895, the Lumière brothers surprised the world with their first picture show. Thereby, legal orders of the European countries faced quandary how to deal with a new technical development and at the same time, how to optimally regulate this field by legal regulations with an emphasis placed on prospective promoting of films. This contribution will point at the legal aspects of cinematic censorship in the first decades of the 20th century. Based in the comparative method, the contribution step by step analyses the mechanism of the censorship in more states of then Europe and the USA. Through consideration of cinematic censorship the article will also touch upon the legal substance of the film itself and the basic theoretical questions adherent to it in that time.

SK

V roku 1895 prekvapili svet bratia Lumièrovci svojím prvým filmovým predstavením. Tým boli právne poriadky európskych štátov postavené pred dilemu ako sa vyrovnať s novým technickým vývojom a zároveň akou právnou reguláciou optimálne upraviť túto oblasť s dôrazom na eventuálne predvádzanie filmov na verejnosti. Príspevok poukáže na právne aspekty filmovej cenzúry v prvých desaťročiach 20. storočia. Na základe komparatívnej metódy postupne analyzuje jej mechanizmus vo viacerých štátoch vtedajšej Európy a USA. Prostredníctvom úvah o filmovej cenzúre sa článok dotkne aj samotnej právnej podstaty filmu a základných teoretických otázok, ktoré s ním boli v tejto dobe späté.

3

Jižní Amerika a její hospodářství na počátku 20. století pohledem Zdeňka Fafla

86%

Perutka L.

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2017

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tom 115

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nr 4

1046-1074

EN

This study focuses on the figure of Zdenek Fafl (1881–1961), deputy of the Prague Chamber of Commerce who visited in 1910 and 1911 states in South America. The topic is addressed from a wide perspective of relations between Austria-Hungary and the respective countries. It is based on the material from the personal collection of Zdenek Fafl stored in the archive of the National Technical Museum in Prague as well as contemporary and present scientific literature. The main goal of this contribution is to introduce the personality of Zdenek Fafl and analyse his writings that offer us invaluable information about the South American countries and their relation with Austria-Hungary in the years prior to the World War I. Without any doubt Fafl’s diary presents the broadest material of its time about countries like Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay or Chile and is also significant for future studies regarding Czechs and South America.

4

Zaplatiť či nechať zoštátniť? Spor o nadlacké evanjelické školy v zrkadle publicisticky z roku 1913

86%

Hollý K.

Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy

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2017

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tom 20

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nr 2

34-66

EN

Author of this text deals with history of evangelical school system in Nădlac in 1910 – 1913. Main attention is focused on journalistic discussion about Nădlac schools in 1913. Dispute over Nădlac schools had followed from evaluation of church representation decision to let close schools because of state financial claims (or teacher’s demands). The reason is that they had right to receive regular quinquennial addition to to their salary on the basis of Law No. 26/1893. On the ground of teachers‘ written waiver of that money, Nădlac Church had not paid it. Paying of sum owed after issuing of Law No. 27/1907 or more precisely after its coming into force in 1910 had become a necessity. Nădlac Church thus decided that schools would be closed. Although it had not happened, the main motive of discussion in the press in 1913 was evaluation of this decision. Result of analysed dis-cussion is that there was a fundamental contradiction between that part of church repre-sentatives who were not willing to agree with decision to close school and the other one who would admit it. The whole debate was characterized by emotional and strict manners. Author had put the case of Nădlac into historical context, pointing to analogical, similar examples of other Slovak church societies. Thus he had analysed the whole situation in the context of history of Slovak evangelical attitude towards state school politics during that period.

5

Zabawy dzieci ziemiańskich w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku wieku XX w świetle pamiętnikarstwa

75%

Nawrot-Borowska M.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

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2013

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nr 29

43-72

EN

The aim of this article is to show the playground of children from landowning families during the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. An attempt was made to present the playgrounds of wealthy children, their characteristics, space, and also to determine the place and role of play in the lives of children of landowners. The types of games for children, both boys and girls have been presented. Also children’s toys were made the subject of research. The conclusions presented have been based entirely on the analyses of diaries, memoirs and biographies of the representatives of landowning class.

PL

Games of landowning children in the in the second half of XIXth and at the beginning of XXth century in the light of the memories. The aim of this article is to show the playground of children from landowning families during the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. An attempt was made to present the playgrounds of wealthy children, their characteristics, space, and also to determine the place and role of play in the lives of children of landowners. The types of games for children, both boys and girls have been presented. Also children’s toys were made the subject of research. The conclusions presented have been based entirely on the analyses of diaries, memoirs and biographies of the representatives of landowning class.

6

Umieralność niemowląt w „polskich” rejencjach Prus na początku XX wieku

58%

Chojecki D.

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tom 37

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nr 3

147-189

EN

The article presents the causes and spatial differences of infant mortality in eastern Prussia densely populated by the Polish, and the changes that phenomenon was subject to. The research has been carried out mainly on the numeric data juxtaposed and published by Dr Behr-Pinnow, on official statistical material (Preußische Statistik, Statistikdes Deutschen Reichs, Veröffentlichungen des Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamts) and on unpublished archival material, first of all reports of Regierungsbezirk presidents. Infant mortality has been analysed at three levels of data aggregation: provinces, Regierungsbezirke, counties (Kreise). In the research the following devices have been used: coefficients, averaging of several years, (dis)similarity rates of structures (the reference standard – Regierungsbezirk Aurich), weighted linear regression, cartograms (grouping based on median absolute deviation). The article depicts the tendency for infant mortality in the ‘Polish’ Regierungsbezirke of Prussia, which deteriorated at the beginning of the 20th century, and a significant spatial diversification of the phenomenon in question, which was related to the way of farming (especially in the region of Żuławy Wiślane and the Vistula valley); however, the research has not provided any conclusive evidence of a link between a high infant mortality rate in the area in question and the socio-professional structure, the level of affluence or the infrastructure. On the other hand, thanks to linear regression models it has been proved that the intensity of infant mortality in counties depended on the ethnic composition to a significant degree (the faith did notplay any role). Parallel to an increase of the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations (those populations – it is worth mentioning – usually enjoyed lower socio-economic status compared to their German-speaking neighbours) the infant mortality rate was generally decreasing. It was at the lowest level in Greater Poland, in the counties of Kościan, Gostyn and Śmigiel (where the dominant population was Polish, Catholic and rural). All in all, it is justified to say that the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations that were less advanced in demographic transformation compared to their German-speaking neighbours, even before institutionalising social welfare, provided better care for babies and guaranteed a lower infant mortality rate, first of all thanks to the general and longer breastfeeding.

7

Wskazówki do samodzielnego wykonywania zabawek z papieru na łamach „Mojego Pisemka” z lat 1902–1915

58%

Nawrot-Borowska M.

Edukacja Elementarna w Teorii i Praktyce

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2018

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tom 13

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nr 3(49)

51-74

PL

Przedmiotem podjętych analiz są wskazówki i instrukcje na temat samodzielnego wykonywania zabawek z papieru dla dzieci na początku XX wieku. Podstawowym źródłem badań uczyniono czasopismo „Moje Pisemko. Tygodnik Obrazkowy dla Dzieci”, ukazujące się w Warszawie w latach 1902–1936. Celem badań jest problemowa systematyka oraz odtworzenie porad związanych z samodzielnym wykonywaniem zabawek przez dzieci, proponowanych i popularyzowanych na łamach czasopisma. Analizie poddano 13 roczników z lat 1902–1915. Jak wynika z dokonanych ustaleń, prasa dla dzieci stanowi doskonałe, choć jeszcze niewyzyskane poznawczo źródło do dziejów zabawek dziecięcych. Na łamach „Mojego Pisemka” publikowano szereg wskazówek do samodzielnego wykonywania zabawek z różnych, tanich i łatwo dostępnych materiałów – drewna, tkanin, włóczki, gliny, miękiszu chleba, owoców, warzyw, liści, wydmuszek jajek itp. Jednak wśród instrukcji dominowały zabawki z papieru, z którego można było zrobić niemal wszystko - lalki, sprzęty i akcesoria do lalczynego gospodarstwa, meble, układanki i łamigłówki, teatrzyki, ozdoby choinkowe, a nawet zabawek pływające i latające.

EN

The object of the undertaken analyses is the tips and instructions on how to make DIY paper toys at the beginning of the 20th century. The magazine “Moje Pisemko. Tygodnik Obrazkowy dla Dzieci” [“My Little Magazine. A Picture Weekly for Children”], published in Warsaw in the years 1902-1936, was the source basis of the findings made. The purpose of the research was the problematic systematization and reconstruction of the advice related to the making of toys by children on their own, given and popularized in the magazine. The analysis covered 13 annual volumes of the weekly from the years 1902-1915. Children’s and youth magazines constitute source material for the study of children’s toys in the past, which is an interesting, yet unexploited topic. They contain a lot of information on the specific features of toys, their appearance, and ways of using them while playing. It is in children’s magazines where we can find information about the most popular toys in a given historical period, provided in written texts such as stories, tales, literary pictures, poems, comedies, as well as iconographic materials illustrating these texts, such as graphics, lithographs, and photographs. Numerous instructions on how to make DIY toys addressed to little readers, published in the children’s magazines from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, are also a combination of text and graphics.

8

Okna i ich oprawa architektoniczna w warszawskich kamienicach w drugiej połowie XIX wieku i na początku XX wieku

51%

Roguska J.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2011

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tom T. 56, z. 1

38-69

PL

Okna i ich oprawa były w 2. połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku detalem architektury domów, mającym znaczenie nie tylko funkcjonalne, lecz również decydującym o wyrazie estetycznym fasad. Układ okien i opracowanie ich oprawy miały istotny wpływ na kompozycję i stylowy charakter elewacji w dobie historyzmu, secesji i wczesnego modernizmu. W artykule podjęte zostały zagadnienia techniczno-technologiczne (konstrukcji i materiału) stolarki okiennej, kompozycyjno-estetyczne aspekty rozmieszczenia i dekoracyjnego ukształtowania okien, ich podziałów, oprawy i kolorystyki. Z badań wynika, że w warszawskich kamienicach w 2. połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku powszechnie stosowano typ okna ościeżnicowego (podwójnego, z otwieraniem skrzydeł zewnętrznych na zewnątrz). Od połowy pierwszej dekady XX wieku wchodziły w użycie okna półskrzynkowe i skrzynkowe (podwójne, z otwieraniem wszystkich skrzydeł do wewnątrz). W zakresie konstrukcji i podziałów w różnych okresach stosowano: okna podwójne dwuskrzydłowe, okna podwójne dwudzielne z nadślemiem i okna podwójne, trójdzielne lub czterodzielne z nadślemiem, oraz inne wyspecjalizowane rozwiązania (np. okna wystawowe). Omówione zostały przeważające tendencje kompozycji rozmieszczenia okien, ewoluujące wraz z nurtami stylowymi oraz kolorystyka stolarki okiennej. W Warszawie do ok. 1910 r. na zewnątrz okna malowano na ciemno. Następnie zaczęła się upowszechniać barwa biała. Obecnie sytuacja w zakresie kolorystyki i materiału w zachowanych kamienicach odbiega często od pierwotnej wskutek zmian w trakcie użytkowania, odbudowy po zniszczeniach wojennych. Rozpoznanie stanu pierwotnego i uszeregowanie rozwiązań w ciągi chronologiczne ma znaczenie dla prawidłowego projektowania dzisiejszych prac remontowych, konserwatorskich i modernizacyjnych zabytkowej substancji budowlanej.

EN

In the mid 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century, windows and window frames were not only a functional detail of residential architecture but also determined the aesthetic aspect of the facade. The layout of windows and window frames had an important impact upon the composition and stylish character of the elevation in the period of historism, Art Nouveau and early modernism. The article addresses technical and technological issues (construction and material) of window woodwork, composition related and aesthetical aspects of layout and decorative form of windows, their divisions, window frames and colours. The research demonstrated that in the second half of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century, windows with window frames were used in Warsaw tenement houses (double windows with eternal wings opening outwards). Casement windows and semi-casement windows (double with all wings opening inwards) started to be used from the mid of the first decade of the 20th century. The following solutions were used in reference to window construction and division in various periods: two-wing double windows, double windows divided into two parts with transom windows, double windows divided into three or four parts with transom windows and other specialised solutions (e.g. shop windows). The article discusses dominating trends of window layout evolving in line with the style and colour of window woodwork. In Warsaw, until approximately 1910, the outside parts of the windows were painted with dark colours. Then white started to become popular. Currently, the reality in reference to colours and materials in preserved tenement houses frequently departs from the original, due to changes in use and reconstruction after war damages. The recognition of the original state and arrangement of solution into chronological order is important for correct design of the current construction, conservation and modernisation works of the historical building substance.