Poland has experienced four episodes of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks over the past two decades. The first epidemic was caused by a low pathogenicity (LPAIV) H7N7 subtype and occurred in fattening and breeder turkeys in 1995. Two waves of H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) took place in 2006 and 2007. In spring 2006, 64 cases of the H5N1 virus were detected, mostly in mute swans. In December 2007, ten outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI were detected in commercial poultry (n=9) and wild birds kept in captivity (n=1). The outbreaks in 2006 and 2007 were caused by genetically similar but clearly distinguishable viruses of the 2.2 clade. In 2013, an H9N2 avian influenza virus was detected in 4 fattening turkey holdings. The virus was low pathogenic and a phylogenetic study has shown a close relatedness to the Eurasian lineage of AIV of the wild bird origin. Neither preventive nor prophylactic vaccinations have ever been used in poultry or other birds. Emergency vaccinations using autogenous vaccine were introduced only to control the H7N7 LPAI outbreaks in 1995. The baseline surveillance for AI in live migratory birds and poultry provides a valuable insight into the ecology of AIV at the wild and domestic bird interface. Passive surveillance is in place of early detection of HPAIV infection in dead or moribund birds.
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Many examples of a successful application of plant-based expression systems for production of biologically active recombinant proteins exist in the literature. These systems can function as inexpensive platforms for the large scale production of recombinant pharmaceuticals or subunit vaccines. Hemagglutinin (HA) is a major surface antigen of the influenza virus, thus it is in the centre of interests of various subunit vaccine engineering programs. Large scale production of recombinant HA in traditional expression systems, such as mammalian or insect cells, besides other limitations, is expensive and time-consuming. These difficulties stimulate an ever-increasing interest in plant-based production of this recombinant protein. Over the last few years many successful cases of HA production in plants, using both transient and stable expression systems have been reported. Various forms of recombinant HA, including monomers, trimers, virus like particles (VLPs) or chimeric proteins containing its fusion with other polypeptides were obtained and shown to maintain a proper antigenicity. Immunizations of animals (mice, ferrets, rabbits or chickens) with some of these plant-derived hemagglutinin variants were performed, and their effectiveness in induction of immunological response and protection against lethal challenge with influenza virus demonstrated. Plant-produced recombinant subunit vaccines and plant-made VLPs were successfully tested in clinical trials (Phase I and II) that confirmed their tolerance and immunogenicity.
Choroby zakaźne zwierząt stanowią duże niebezpieczeństwo nie tylko dla zwierząt, ale także dla ludzi. Jedną z najgroźniejszych chorób jest ptasia grypa. Przyczynia się do tego szybki sposób rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa H5N1, a także możliwość mutacji tego patogenu w formę mającą zdolność przenoszenia się z człowieka na człowieka. Do Polski ptasia grypa powróciła w grudniu 2007 roku. Spowodowała szkody wynoszące ponad 12 milionów złotych.
EN
Animal infectious diseases pose a great threat not only to animals but also to humans. One of the most dangerous diseases is avian influenza because of the rapid spread of H5N1 virus and a possibility of mutations of this pathogen into a form able to transmit from one person to another. In Poland the avian influenza returned in December 2007. It caused losses calculated at 12 million zlotys. A questionnaire was prepared within this study to present the risk posed by the avian influenza from human perspective.
Zakażenia odzwierzęce (zoonozy) są wciąż aktualnym problemem epidemiologicznym, wynikającym m.in. ze zwiększonej migracji ludności do nowych miejsc czy naruszenia nisz ekologicznych zwierząt przez człowieka. Artykuł dotyczy dwóch zoonoz - pryszczycy, wirusowej choroby zakaźnej infekującej głównie zwierzęta parzystokopytne domowe i dzikie, oraz ptasiej grypy, choroby wirusowej typowej głównie dla ptactwa i bardzo niebezpiecznej dla ludzi.
EN
Zoonoses are still a current epidemiological problem, caused by many factors, i.e. people's high migration to new places or human violation of animals' ecological niches. The article describes two zoonoses - foot-and-mounth disease (FMD), an infectious viral disease affecting mainly domestic and wild artiodactyls, and avian influenza (AI), a typical infectious disease of birds which is very dangerous for human.
Following the spread from its origins in China, Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 was first recorded in Europe in Turkish poultry and in poultry and wild birds in Romania in early October 2005. On 19 October 2005 Croatia became the second European country to record an outbreak in wild birds, involving Mute Swans Cygnus olor. Subsequent surveillance in Croatia revealed further instances of H5N1 in dead and sick Mute Swans in 2005, and in 2006 in more dead Mute Swans and in living, apparently healthy, Black-headed Gulls Larus ridibundus, but not in poultry. The observations presented here suggest that Croatia experienced two independent incursions of Asian lineage HPAI H5N1, but genetic confirmation is not available. Potential routes of introduction by wild birds, the poultry industry and fish-farming practices are discussed, but the evidence for all of these remains circumstantial
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