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EN
The National Armed Forces were created in Venezuela at the beginning of the 20th century. Gradually they became the main instrument in the political game and were used in forming a centralized national state. Along with subsequent transformations of the political system the position of the Armed Forces was getting stronger and they started to expand their role. The present article offers an analysis of the position and role of the Armed Forces in the process of transformation of the state in Venezuela. I will focus my attention on the changes that took place in the period of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. I will also analyze some earlier crucial phases in the 20th century history of the formation of the Venezuelan state.
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Content available remote Wykorzystanie metod scenariuszowych w analizie otoczenia systemu bezpieczeństwa
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania metod scenariuszowych do analizy i oceny otoczenia systemu bezpieczeństwa, w którym ważną rolę odgrywają siły zbrojne.
EN
In this article are presented scenarios methods in assessment of the security environment, which are very important for armed forces activity.
EN
The submitted document opens the debate on the future of European defence. In the present geostrategic context, it is advisable that the European Union should increase its military potential by, inter alia, reducing the number of weapon systems, strengthening cooperation regarding defence industry, increasing operational interoperability and achieving strategic autonomy. The authors point out that the implementation of these goals may be difficult due to the fact that they assume, to a lesser or greater extent, limiting t defence autonomy of member states, as well as due to the controversy that would arise around a “fair” distribution of costs and profits among individual states related to the process of integration of the European defence industry.
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Content available remote Uwarunkowania rozwoju sił zbrojnych na początku XXI wieku : świat i Polska
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EN
The article presents analyses and evaluations of contemporary and future threats in the context of global security environment changes which are the bases to answer questions connected with armed forces’ transformation and development, i.e. to define counteracting which threats they should be ready to and which requirements they should meet. These analyses have a universal character, they refer to NATO armed forces’ transformations and development taking into consideration European conditions. On this background, the Polish approach to the Polish Armed Forces' development requirements and directions at the beginning of the 21st century is presented.
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PL
The aim of article is describe the issues of uses an armed forces in peacekeeping operations and their influence on global security. Need to respond rapidly to security risks and difficulties in resolving disputes and conflicts through diplomacy have made it increasingly important nowadays peacekeeping missions. The decision to use the armed forces during these operations is usually difficult, lengthy and involves many considerations. Moreover, military operations are subject to political control and close supervision by the public. Modern peacekeeping operations are characterized by complex and multi–faceted action. These include military action, political, economic, social and cultural. The primary objectives of these missions should be civilian–military cooperation, close coordination at international level and at the national level. The main aim of the involvement of armed forces in peacekeeping operations has become primarily to reduce the wars and conflicts of the modern world. In retrospect participation of soldiers in peacekeeping operations is an important element in ensuring security in current international environment.
EN
The article discusses the tasks carried out by the Polish Armed Forces to counter terrorist threats occurring in the airspace and maritime areas. The author analyzed legal acts that may contain regulations concerning the mentioned tasks. Listing counterterrorism tasks allows them to be systematized and can contribute to better preparation to counter threats.
EN
One of the biggest challenges faced in building the capacity of armed forces to operate in cyberspace is to attract, improve and retain expert staff. Cyberspace is, after all, the only operational domain that has been entirely created by people, so people have to be able to use it and also to constantly create it anew. According to the estimates cited e.g. by ENISA in 2019, there was a shortage of over 4 million cybersecurity specialists on a global scale, and approx. 65% of organisations declared staff shortages in the area of tasks related to cybersecurity. A real race for specialists in this domain is observed among both international corporations and domestic companies from plenty of industries, critical infrastructure operators and, finally, intelligence services. In this inter-sectoral, global competition, the public sector (which includes the military) is often in a difficult situation because of the limited possibilities of using financial incentives. Considering the needs and constraints, a resources-building strategy should be adopted that uses all the advantages found within the range of influence of the military sector. The article discusses them using various approaches, based on actions successfully implemented by the Polish Ministry of National Defence under the programme of capacity building in the armed forces to operate in cyberspace. The first aspect the image, motivation and challenges. Service in the cyber armed forces component provides the opportunity to reach areas unattainable anywhere else, including constant interaction with a well-prepared and highly motivated enemy. The second point for consideration is education and continuous improvement. The possibilities to recruit experts who already have a good position in the commercial market are limited. Therefore, development of the military education system is the best way to ensure a steady inflow of staff. In Poland, it was decided both to use military academies for this purpose and a real educational ecosystem is being created and constantly developed, also including a military IT secondary school and a dedicated non-commissioned officer school. Civilian secondary schools run (in co-operation with the Ministry of National Defence, MON) profiled vocational training classes, students of civilian universities undergo military training in cybersecurity, and the performance improvement will be managed by the Expert Cybersecurity Training Centre. The third aspect is the Territorial Defence Force, which gives the opportunity in the Cyberspace Operations Team to combine military service and to continue previous professional work on an extremely competitive market.
EN
Geography can restrain states, or create possibilities to the political activity that states carry out. Following Carl von Clausewitz, one can point to the relation between politics and war. The famous Prussian general claimed that war is an extension of politics made by means of the armed forces. Questions should therefore be posed how geography restrains or stregthens the activity of the armed forces, and how geopolitics determines the functioning of the military. The following article shows the abovementioned imperative in the historical as well as contemporary context. The aim of the study is to place the armed forces in the geopolitical framework and to show the cause-and-effect relationship between the operations of the armed forces and geopolitics. The research is carried out on the time axis: the time analysis is divided into the period of the Second World War, the Cold War and the post-Cold War period.
EN
The achieved status of coexistence has not been accepted by all states. Russia cannot accept the fact that it has sustained substantial losses, especially in the global dimension, after the collapse of the USSR. Vladimir Putin’s team has been striving to rebuild the power of their country. Russian society, which is accustomed to sacrifices for its homeland, is actively involved in the activities undertaken. Much effort is put into the development of the armaments sector. The structures, command and mobilization condition of the Armed Forces are improved. The Russian Armed Forces is modernized and the percentage of modern equipment is constantly increasing. The Armed Forces of the RF are preparing for any possible armed conflict. Various types of exercise are being performed and frequently maneuvers are carried out in close proximity to the borders of NATO member states. However, it must be hoped that Russia’s leadership remains in the sphere of ‘dreams of power’, though the analysis of question marks emerging in the East should be a kind of basis for conclusions.
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Content available remote Logistická podpora ozbrojených síl Slovenskej Republiky
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Logistika ako disciplína sa zaoberá priestorovými a časovými presunmi objektov všetkého druhu, ale najmä tovaru a informácií. Na to slúžia základné procesy a zariadenia ako doprava, skladovanie, manipulácia, balenie, komisionárstvo, vybavenie zákazky. Usporiadanie a koordinácia týchto procesov a štruktúr je označované ako logistický systém.
EN
Logistics support of armed forces is very complicated. In frame of NATO operation are done written principles oriented for every specific activity. National support includes national juridical frame which are in every country special. The main task of it is to have very universal preparing operating forces and resources for logistics support with very effective conception of their using.
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Content available remote Siły nieregularne : wyzwanie dla współczesnych sił zbrojnych
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2011
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tom nr 3(84)
192-209
EN
Contemporary wars in most cases are not waged exclusively by states any more as identified ethnical, national or religious forces are also the side. In such a reality, the classical division into soldiers and civilians does not matter – as each community member becomes realistically or potentially a soldier. This finally questions the importance of a uniform as an indicator of a person fighting on a battlefield. Civil soldiers as irregular forces’ members prefer fighting where time, space, legitimization to wield power and social support play an essential role. The irregular forces’ main tool in the fighting is an individual weapon which is capable of destroying even technologically advanced combat assets. The fighting philosophy adopted by irregular forces would not be efficient if defined rules were not obeyed.
EN
Nowadays, the diversity of armed conflicts determines the participants of international relations to undertake various actions in the scope of civilian health protection. It should be noted that tasks resulting from civilian protection are fulfilled in numerous manners, depending on the situation of the armed conflict. The article presents actions undertaken by the armed forces in the scope of the civilian health protection during peacekeeping and stabilization missions. There are also presented engagement of Polish armed forces in Afghanistan and their actions to improve the civilian population.
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Content available Z historii zapalników artyleryjskich
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono zarys historii powstania i rozwoju zapalników od momentu ich powstania do dnia dzisiejszego. Skupiono się głównie na zapalnikach do pocisków artyleryjskich .
EN
In the paper the outline of the history of fuses development from the moment of their emergence till today was presented. The attention was focused on the fuses of artillery projectiles.
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Content available remote Środowisko bezpieczeństwa a kształt przyszłej armii : wybrane interakcje
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EN
The aim of this article is to define the mutual interaction of the security environment onto the shape of the armed forces and at the same time the armed forces’ participation in shaping a favourable security environment. The author asks questions concerning the idea of security environment, particularly the security environment of the state, this environment’s influence on the shape of the armed forces and the army ability to shape the so called favourable security environment. Having stated that basic dictionaries do not define this notion, although it is used in several government documents, the author tries to define the security environment notion - starting with global security environment, security environment of the state including factors shaping the so called favourable security environment. He lists and precisely describes this environment’s elements that influence the armed forces programming process and defines basic interactions between the elements creating often underestimated domestic factors which shape the security environment. Finally, the author concludes that whereas the security environment is actually the only factor which effectively modifies armed forces, the army itself (taking into account all complex problems) is one of many essential factors creating the security environment of the state.
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2011
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tom nr 3(84)
329-341
EN
The article refers to changes in the officers’ structure and mobility in the post war history of the Polish Armed Forces. Special attention is drawn to the problem of massive retirement or recruitment of people who were not well prepared to perform tasks and to activities preparing them for work outside the military.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono prawidłowości rozwoju okrętowego uzbrojenia artyleryjskiego i problemy z tym związane. Uwzględniono w nim różne podejścia interpretacji rozwoju okrętowego uzbrojenia artyleryjskiego i doświadczenia MW RP oraz ocenę obecnego stanu rozwoju okrętowego uzbrojenia artyleryjskiego.
EN
Some main tendencies in the development of the naval artillery systems for the Polish Navy and the evaluation of the existing situation in this matter are presented in the paper.
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Content available O definicji uzbrojenia
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tom R. 35, z. 97
63--68
PL
W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę definicji uzbrojenia funkcjonujących w różnego rodzajach aktach prawnych oraz ich wpływ na sposób i tempo prowadzenia procesu projektowania, zakupu i użytkowania różnego rodzaju systemów uzbrojenia w SZ RP. Zaproponowano przyjęcie nowej definicji pojęcia "uzbrojenie i sprzęt wojskowy", która zapewniłaby właściwe zabezpieczenie interesów SZ RP w zakresie zamowień uzbrojenia i sprzętu wojskowego.
EN
The characteristics of the arm definition functioning in different legal documents with their impact into the design and procurement processes of different weapon systems serviced by the Polish Armed Forces are presented in the paper. A proposal is made to accept the new definition of “the arm and military equipment” which could properly protect the interests of the Polish Armed Forces for procurement of the arm and military equipment.
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Content available Automatyczna broń bezkolbowa dla Sił Zbrojnych RP
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tom R. 35, z. 97
111--120
PL
W kwietniu 2006 r. zakończono realizację projektu badawczego 0 TT00B 029 24 pod tytułem „Analiza konstrukcyjno-balistyczna oraz badania dynamiczne broni strzeleckiej zbudowanej w układzie bezkolbowym”, który był finansowany przez MEiN. Jednym z jego celów było skonstruowanie, wykonanie i przeprowadzenie badań indywidualnej broni strzeleckiej kalibru 5,56 mm zbudowanej w układzie bull-pup, pod kątem opracowania przyszłościowej broni tego typu dla Wojska Polskiego, spełniającej wymagania współczesnego pola walki, wykorzystującej jednocześnie w maksymalnym stopniu części, mechanizmy i zespoły broni produkowanej przez polski przemysł obronny. W referacie przedstawiono m.in. budowę i działanie skonstruowanych w ramach projektu 5,56 mm karabinków bezkolbowych wz.2005 JANTAR i jego zmodernizowanej wersji – wz.2005 JANTAR-M, zaprezentowano wybrane wyniki ich badań oraz sformułowano wnioski na temat dalszych prac w tej dziedzinie.
EN
The research project was completed on April 2006 to develop and test an individual 5.56 mm calibre small arms weapon of the future using the bull-pup system and exploiting in maximum degree existing and currently manufactured components. The designs of butt-less small arms like model 2005 JANTAR and 2005 JANTAR-M are presented in the paper with some selected test results and conclusions concerning the future work directions.
EN
The opinion relates to presidential project amending Act on martial law and Act of competence of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and its subordination to constitutional authorities of Republic of Poland and other acts, which was introduced to Marshal of the Sejm on 10th of July 2011. This project amends Acts contained in its title and Act on State of Emergency and Act of state of natural disaster. Author stresses that legislator should pass laws, which brings new legal norms, which are not included in current law. In opinion of the Author, interpretation of current law shall provide to conclusion that presidential project contains norms, already binding at the moment of introducing the amendment. Author criticizes definition of “cyberspace”, proposed by the project. In Author’s opinion this definition is not precisely specified. At the end of the opinion, Author repeats the thesis that, he doubts in necessity of this amendment, presented at the begging.
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EN
Nowadays, ensuring cybersecurity is an important objective of public authority. It must take into account the protection of cybersecurity, both in the current and future perspectives. The state security policy must also take into account its dimension in cyberspace, especially today, where many services are provided through communication and information systems. A special place in the cybersecurity system is given to cyberspace security in the military dimension. In this regard, both the military administration and civil law entities, both acting for defence, will be competent. Effective military operations are directly linked to new digital technologies. As a result, for the sake of state security (both internal and external), it becomes necessary not only to respond to cyberattacks, but also to counteract them.
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