Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Soudobé historické prameny: minimalizace (osobních) údajů, omezení jejich uložení a (de)anonymizace v oblasti archivace

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Čtvrtník M.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2024

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tom 31

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nr 2

421-446

EN

One of the primary objectives of archives and archiving in the public interest is not only the long-term preservation of archival material and its accessibility, but also the protection of the data that the archival material contains and, with it, the protection of the privacy and personal rights of the people referenced in such materials. Thus far, archival science and archival practice have demonstrated a tendency to overlook the potential risks associated with the misuse of personal and, especially, sensitive personal data contained in archival materials. One of the most effective tools for protecting data is destruction. Čtvrtník focuses his attention on data reduction and minimization. He situates these procedures within the context of the general right to be forgotten, as understood by European Union and other legislation. He also highlights the specificities of the process of archival selection and evaluation of documents, when the archive decides which documents from the production of various public and private originators will be irreversibly destroyed and which will be taken over for permanent archiving. At the same time, the author clarifies the issue of anonymization and pseudonymization of data in documents and archival materials, as well as the principal differences between these practices, following his own model of the four categories of the right to be forgotten. Finally, he addresses the increasingly pressing risks arising from the rapid improvement of techniques for de-anonymizing data and re-identifying individuals.

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Disent mezi politikou paměti a digitální historií: ke vzniku online databáze "Bibliografie ekologické a environmentální problematiky v československém samizdatu"

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Loučová P. , Olšáková D.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2024

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tom 31

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nr 2

391-420

EN

This study focuses on the possibilities and limits of contemporary history research within the transformation of the humanities and social sciences influenced by new information technologies and the digital turn. The authors present the main trends of digitization policy in the Czech Republic in the context of the social debate on coming to terms with the communist past and in the context of professional discussions on the possibilities of the use of bibliographic datasets in the digital humanities. They focus on the role of digitization in the objectification of historical knowledge and its potential use as a tool for new interpretations of historical data, focusing first on the contrast between digitization from below, represented by the social activist digitization of samizdat texts on the initiative of individuals (typically former dissidents) or civic associations, and digitization from above, in the form of the state- sponsored and institutionalised digitization of sources of state provenance (mainly materials of the security services of the Czechoslovak communist regime). In the second part of the article, the authors present the newly emerging online database "Bibliography of Ecological and Environmental Issues in Czechoslovak Samizdat" in the context of the current research on Czechoslovak dissent and bibliographic processing of samizdat texts. Using this example, they argue that bibliographies, which are among the traditional tools and aids of historical research, have a great potential for use in digital humanities and thus in digital history, although this potential is still unexploited in contemporary history.

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Digitální studovna Ministerstva obrany ČR: využití technologií na pokročilou indexaci obsahu historických dokumentů

86%

Fišer M. , Kykal T.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2024

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tom 31

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nr 2

447-467

EN

Developments in information technology and artificial intelligence are providing tools that have considerable potential to facilitate and enrich research in the fields of history and related sciences. A prerequisite for their effective use, however, is the most perfect conversion of analogue historical sources into machine-readable form, so that the search, classification and extraction of the information contained in them is as efficient as in born-digital sources. In their study, Kykal and Fišer first provide an overview of the development of digital libraries and the making available of the results of digitization in the Czech Republic, taking into account the different strategies and technological backgrounds of libraries and archives. They reflect on the limitations of full-text search and point out a surprising systemic deficit in current digital libraries, namely the absence of the diagnostics of the quality of machine transcription performed by Optical Character Recognition (OCR) programs. They then pay special attention to presenting the parameters and possibilities of the Digital Reading Room of the Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic (Digitální studovna Ministerstva obrany ČR, DSMO), which is based on the Kramerius Digital Library system. Thanks to its role as an aggregator of the digitization production of the memory institutions of the Ministry of Defence, the Reading Room makes available both library documents and digitized items from archive collections and museum collections. Using the example of a printed periodical of the Austro-Hungarian Army from the First World War, the process of the additional enhancement of OCR results using the PERO tool (Czech abbreviation for pokročilá extrakce a rozpoznávání obsahu - Advanced Extraction and Recognition of Content) is presented, including enrichment with a metadata scheme which captures the layout of graphic and text objects (Analysed Layout and Text Objects, ALTO) and allows the precise localization of the searched text on the digitized image. Using this program, the textual content of not only printed or typewritten texts, but also handwritten texts, can be retrieved much more efficiently and with noticeably higher quality. Moreover, the data in the ALTO scheme could be used to automatically monitor the quality of OCR results. This procedure would significantly increase the usability of semantic search, machine translation, summarization and many other artificial intelligence tools that are yet to be fully deployed in the Czech Digital Library environment.