Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Bronze Age dagger from Dargocice

100%

Sych D. , Miazga B. , Siejkowski K.

|

tom 14

275-286

EN

In the spring of 2016, an archaeology student at the University of Wrocław together with a resident of Gościno commune found a blue-green blade that fitted into the palm of his hand. It was found in a ploughed soil while walking along a forest path in Dargocice (Gościno commune, Kołobrzeg district, West Pomeranian Voivodeship). The artefact was submitted to the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Wrocław for further analysis.

PL

Wiosną 2016 roku student archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego wraz z mieszkańcem gminy Gościno znalazł niebiesko-zielone ostrze, które dobrze pasowało do dłoni. Znaleziono je w wyoranej ziemi podczas spaceru leśną ścieżką w Dargocicach (gm. Gościno, pow. kołobrzeski, woj. zachodniopomorskie). Zabytek został przekazany do analizy w laboratorium Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.

2

Wędzidło z Browiny, pow. toruński. Kolejny na ziemiach polskich ślad wschodniego oporządzenia jeździeckiego z wczesnej epoki żelaza

100%

Gackowski J. , Garbacz-Klempka A.

|

tom Tom XXIX

s. 39-56

EN

The presented fragment of a metal horse bit was accidentally discovered during agricultural works carried out in Browina, Toruń district. Currently, it is impossible to associate this find with a specific archaeological site, but it can be assumed that this object (as a complete one) appeared in the early Iron Age in the local environment of the Lusatian culture, in the so-called ‘Grzywna’ microregion, one of a dozen or so, which together form the settlement space of the ‘Chełmża and Kamionki trough’ mesoregion. The discovered artefact should be associated with type of the so-called common horse bit, singly bent, originally consisting of two almost identical elements (slightly arched shafts) intertwined with smaller holes (loop links). The aforementioned horse bit rings were connected with the rest of the bridle. Only two similar metal horse bits are known from the territory of Poland. One, completely preserved, comes from the defensive settlement of the Lusatian culture in Gzin, Bydgoszcz district, while the second one, similarly incomplete as the specimen from Browina, was accidentally found in Gródek, Hrubieszów district. All three, due to the contexts of their occurrence and the available analogies, are associated with the steppe or forest steppe production of eastern European environments. The analysis of the chemical composition shows that the Browina horse bit is made of brass, i.e. copper alloy with a clear, intentional admixture of zinc. In the local cultural and settlement environment, a similar material was found in the zoomorphic pommel of a Scythian dagger (acinaces) from Płonczynek, Lipno district. The formal resemblance of the latter to a specimen found long ago in Bodzanowo, Radziejów district is clear. Based on the assessment of the zoomorphic style of these two items, their west Siberian origin is assumed. However, bearing in mind the noticeable presence in the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bend of the Vistula River (in Kuyavia and Chełmno-Dobrzyń Lake District) of various artefacts of similar, eastern provenance (bronze and iron militaria and jewellery, but also pottery), some of these product categories can be currently considered as products which could have been produced locally (apart from pottery, also some groups of bronze objects, e.g. trilobe arrowheads). Therefore, it is justified to further explore the problem of assessing the scope of adaptation of cultural patterns, alien to the ‘Lusatian’ environment in the early Iron Age. To date, as a rule, there has been a tendency to interpret these finds as traces of military actions of Scythian groups penetrating the area of southern Poland and reaching the aforementioned bend of the Vistula River. The complexity of the problem is therefore large, and it undoubtedly requires further archaeological and archaeometallurgical research. Nevertheless, it may be much better exposed in the near future, because after publication of the expected results of the prospection conducted within the so-called Chotyniec agglomeration, it will be possible to gain access to new source data, showing the scope and direction of the transmission of eastern cultural patterns.

3

Microanalysis of Early Medieval Archaeological Objects Made of Silver Alloy

100%

Miśta-Jakubowska E.

|

2022

|

tom 66

111-139

PL

We współczesnych badaniach zabytków archeologicznych metody fizykochemiczne wykorzystywane są w celu udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytania wykraczające poza obszar zainteresowań konwencjonalnego warsztatu historyka. Dotyczy to badań na pograniczu dziedzin, w tym badań materiałowych pozwalających na określenie składu pierwiastkowego i izotopowego zabytków. Wyniki takich analiz pozwalają na przybliżenie zagadnień dotyczących dystrybucji surowców oraz technologii wykonania zabytków. W pracy przedstawiono propozycję metodyki mikro-analizy SEM-EDS i LA-ICP-QMS uwzględniając jej ograniczenia wynikające ze specyfikacji technik, jak i stanu zachowania zabytków będącego efektem procesów korozyjnych i złej konserwacji. Przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań technologicznych i proweniencji wczesnośredniowiecznych zabytków wykonanych ze stopów srebra uwzględniając podział na grupy typologiczne to jest monety, placki srebrne i ozdoby. W sumie analizie poddano 200 obiektów wskazując jako główne źródło surowca przetop z dirhamów. Wyniki badań pozwoliły na materiałowy opis zjawiska istnienia rdzeni w denarach krzyżowych wyróżniając dwa rodzaje rdzeni: na bazie miedzi i mosiądzu. W przypadku ozdób umożliwiły ich rozróżnienie technologiczne wskazując na użycie lutowania opartego o związki miedzi ale też cyny i ołowiu, co ma swoje analogie w materiale złotniczym z terenu Czech. Receptury bazujące na oznaczonym składzie są opisane w źródłach antycznych. Placki srebrne natomiast można podzielić na trzy grupy ekstrakcyjne związane ze stopniem oczyszczenia kruszcu. Wstępne wyniki wskazują, iż obiekty te zostały wykonane z kruszczu azjatyckiego przy udziale ołowiu rodzimego, być może jako dodatku w procesie kupelacji.

EN

Modern archaeological research uses physico-chemical methods to answer questions beyond the scope of the conventional historian’s workshop. This applies to research on the borderline of fields, including material research into the elemental and isotopic composition of artefacts. The results of such analyses make it possible to address issues relating to the distribution of raw materials and the technology of artefact production. The paper discusses the SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-QMS micro-analysis methodology, addressing the limitations that result from the specification of techniques and the state of preservation of archaeological artefacts due to corrosion processes and conservation treatment. We present the preliminary results of technological research and provenance study of early medieval objects made of silver alloys, considered by typological group, i.e. coins, cake, and jewellery. Two hundred objects were analysed, revealing clear evidence for the use of remelted dirhams as the main source of raw material. The results of the research allowed for a material description of the phenomenon of the existence of cores in cross denarii, distinguishing two types of cores: based on copper and brass. In the case of jewellery, the research provided evidence for technological distinction, indicating the use of copper-based solders, as well as tin- and lead-based dolders, which have analogies in goldsmithing material from the Czech Republic. Recipes based on the marked composition are described in ancient sources. Silver cakes, on the other hand, can be divided into three extraction groups related to the degree of purification of the raw material. The preliminary results indicate that these objects were made of Asian dirhams and native lead, perhaps as an additive in the cupellation process.

4

DSC Application for Microstructure Investigations of Medieval Cu Alloys

100%

Konieczny J. , Labisz K. , Głowik-Łazarczyk K. , Surma S. , Wierzbicki Ł. , Jurczyk S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2018

|

tom Vol. 18, iss. 2

21--26

EN

Archaeometallurgical investigations presented in this work focus on analysing the microstructure as well as mechanical properties of artefacts from the17th in form of findings performed from cast iron as well as copper casts. The presented research results extend the up-to-date knowledge and present the analysis of structural compounds found in the microstructure of the artefacts from the time dating back to the late Middle Ages in the region around Czestochowa, Poland. The tested samples were found in earth in the city centre under the present marketplace. The excavation works were carried out in summer in the year 2009, and have resulted in the excavation of artefacts in form of copper block of the weight of several kg. The excavation action was led by a group of Polish archaeologists collaborating with the local authorities. The performed pre-dating of this element determines the age of the artefacts as the 17th century AD. The excavations that have been taking place since 2007 have widened the knowledge of the former Czestochowa. Historians of this town have suggested, that the found weight and traces of metallurgical activity suggest that the exposed walls were an urban weight. The weight is visible on the 18th century iconography. What was find on the Old Market indicates that there was a lush economic life before the Swedish invasion in this part of Poland. Some buildings lost their functions or were changed, others died in fires, but new places developed. To describe the microstructure, with its structural components, research was done using microscopy techniques, both of the light as well as electron microscopy (SEM), also chemical composition analysis was carried out using the EDS technique, as well as tool for phase analysis were applied in form of X-Ray Diffraction (qualitative analysis), especially for the reason to describe the phases present in the excavated material. This research will help to obtain new information in order to investigate further archaeometallurgical artefacts, extending the knowledge about middle age metallic materials its usage and manufacturing.

5

Od topni Kazimierza Wielkiego do huty miedzi Jana Turzo. Metalurgia miedzi od początku XVI wieku

80%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Karwan T. , Rzadkosz S.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

|

2014

|

tom R. 59, nr 1

22--29

PL

Kraków ma wielowiekowe, poświadczone poprzez źródła i badania naukowe, tradycje metalurgiczne i odlewnicze. Już od XII wieku Rynek krakowski mógł być miejscem produkcji wyrobów z metali nieżelaznych, co poświadczają znaleziska tygielków odlewniczych i relikty pieca ze śladami miedzi. W XIV wieku na Rynku funkcjonowała Wielka Waga dla miedzi, ołowiu i żelaza oraz topnie metali, wymieniane w przywileju królewskim Kazimierza Wielkiego. Od XV wieku rozwijał się w okolicach Krakowa przemysł metalurgiczny. Wielki przedsiębiorca Jan Turzo założył w podkrakowskiej Mogile (dziś Kraków, dzielnica Nowa Huta) hutę, w której zastosował innowacyjną metodę osrebrzania miedzi przy udziale ołowiu. Realizowane w latach 2005-2011 badania archeologiczne na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie, wraz z przeprowadzonymi badaniami metaloznawczymi pozyskanych zabytków, dowodzą roli Krakowa jako europejskiego centrum handlu metalami. Równocześnie odkrycie śladów produkcji średniowiecznej huty w Mogile k. Krakowa, wskazuje na Kraków jako centrum metalurgii miedzi. Dla lepszego poznania procesu odzyskiwania srebra od miedzi, dokonano badań żużli archeologicznych, odkrytych na terenie dawnej, piętnastowiecznej huty Jana Turzo w Mogile. Podjęte badania koncentrowały się na analizach historycznych oraz rozpoznaniu materiału archeologicznego pod względem technologicznym. Wyniki analiz porównano z efektami badań współczesnych żużli hutniczych z procesu wytwarzania miedzi. Wyniki badań wskazują, że zarówno w żużlu z huty miedzi w Mogile, jak i w aktualnie otrzymywanym żużlu, w procesie zawiesinowym występują kuliste wtrącenia „miedzi metalicznej” i dyspersyjna miedź. Badania składu chemicznego żużli historycznych wykazały dużą różnorodność pierwiastków metalicznych obecnych w materiale. Z analiz wynika, że największe stężenie we wszystkich badanych przypadkach żużli archeologicznych wyznaczono dla: miedzi oraz żelaza, ołowiu i antymonu. Zarejestrowano też niewielki udział srebra.

EN

Krakow has centuries-old, testified by sources and research, metallurgical and foundry traditions. It is possible that as early as the 12th century Krakow's market was the production place of non-ferrous metals artefacts, which is attested by finds of casting crucibles and furnace relics with copper traces. In the 14th century, at the Market Square there was the Great Scales for copper, lead and iron, as well as a metal melting shops mentioned in the royal charter of Casimir the Great. Since the 15th century, in Krakow's vicinity, metallurgical industry developed. A great entrepreneur, Jan Turzo, founded a copper smelter in Mogiła (today's Nowa Huta), where he implemented an innovative method of silver plating of copper with the help of lead. Archaeological research conducted between 2005 and 2011 at the Main Market Square in Krakow, together with the accompanying metal science investigations of the artefacts discovered, evidence Krakow's role as the European centre of metal trade. At the same time, the discovery of the production traces of the medieval smelter in Mogiła near Krakow, points to Krakow as the centre of modern copper metallurgy. For better understanding of the process of silver recovery from copper, archaeological slags discovered at the old, 15th century copper smelter of Jan Turzo in Mogiła, were investigated. The research focused on historical analysis and identification of the archaeological material from technological perspective. The research results were compared with the effects of contemporary smelter slags investigation; the slags coming from copper production process. The obtained results show that both in the Mogiła slag and in the present-day slag received from suspension process there are spherical inclusions of 'metallic copper' and strongly dispersive copper precipitates. The chemical analysis of the historical slag showed a wide variety of metallic elements present in the material; the greatest concentration in all samples of the archaeological slags was determined for copper and iron, lead and antimony. A small share of silver was also registered.

6

Copper and Arsenical Copper During Eneolithic in Metallographic and Mechanical Properties Examination

80%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Kozana J. , Piękoś M. , Cieślak W. , Perek-Nowak M. , Kowalski Ł. , Adamczak K. , Łoś J.

|

tom Vol. 15, iss. 4 spec.

23--28

EN

Arsenical copper has been used since 5th millennium cal.BC, later exchanged by application of Cu-Sn alloys in metallurgy. This work presents the results of metallographic and mechanical properties studies performed on two flat axes connected with local Eneolithic societies (4500-3000 cal.BC). The axes are one of the oldest metal artifacts from Polish land. Originally they were made from Cu-As alloy, and their chemical composition was established by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Their microstructure was analysed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy conducted with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The macrostructure analysis (OM) of the axes was performed as well. On the basis of the results, the alloys used in the Eneolithic to cast the axes were reproduced in lab. In order to achieve the characteristics of the alloys, their mechanical properties including ultimate tensile strenght (UTS), hardness (HB), microhardness (HV0,1) and ductility were examined. The solidification process was studied by means of thermal analysis.

7

Metallurgical Slags as Traces of a 15th century Copper Smelter

80%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Wardas-Lasoń M. , Kozana J. , Piękoś M. , Kwak Z.

|

tom Vol. 17, iss. 2

25--30

EN

The research focuses on assessing the metal content, mainly copper, lead, iron and also silver in metallurgical slag samples from the area where historical metallurgical industry functioned. In the smelter located in Mogiła, near Krakow (southern Poland), whose operation is confirmed in sources from 1469, copper was probably refined as well as silver was separated from copper. Based on the change of chemical and soil phase content and also taking cartographic and historical data into account, considering the restrictions resulting from the modern land use the area was determined whose geochemical mapping can point to the location of the 15th century Jan Thurzo’s smelter in Mogiła near Krakow. Moreover, using the same approach with the samples of this kind here as with hazardous waste, an attempt has been made to assess their impact on the environment. Thereby, taking the geoenvironmental conditions into account, potential impact of the industrial activity has been assessed, which probably left large scale changes in the substratum, manifested in the structure, chemical content and soil phase changes. Discovering areas which are contaminated above the standard value can help to identify historical human activities, and finding the context in artefacts allows to treat geochemical anomalies as a geochronological marker. For this purpose the best are bed sediments, at present buried in the ground, of historical ditches draining the area of the supposed smelter. Correlating their qualities with analogical research of archeologically identified slags and other waste material allows for reconstructing the anthropopressure stages and the evaluation of their effects. The operation of Jan Thurzo’s smelter is significant for the history of mining and metallurgy of Poland and Central and Eastern Europe.

8

Bronze Jewellery from the Early Iron Age urn-field in Mała Kępa. An approach to casting technology

80%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Kowalski Ł. , Gackowski J. , Perek-Nowak M.

|

tom Vol. 17, iss. 3

175--183

EN

This study characterizes the bronze jewellery recovered from the Lusatian culture urn-field in Mała Kępa (Chełmno land, Poland). Among many common ornaments (e.g. necklaces, rings, pins) the ones giving evidence of a steppe-styled inspiration (nail earrings) were also identified. With the dendritic microstructures revealed, the nail earrings prove the implementing of a lost-wax casting method, whereas some of the castings were further subjected to metalworking. The elemental composition indicates the application of two main types of bronze alloys: Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Pb. It has been established that the Lusatian metalworkers were familiar with re-melting the scrap bronze and made themselves capable of roasting the sulphide-rich ores. The collection from Mała Kępa has been described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X - ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint an alloy profile of the castings with a special emphasis on the nail earrings, the data-set (ED-XRF, EDS) was statistically evaluated using multidimensional analyses (FA, DA).

9

Pierwsze znalezisko eneolitycznej siekiery miedzianej na Mazowszu „Źródła archeologiczne w rejonie Parku Kulturowego Wietrzychowice”

80%

Adamczak K. , Samborski M. , Garbacz-Klempka A. , Bednarz S. , Kowalski Ł.

|

tom 63

85-94

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki studiów archeometalurgicznych dotyczących płaskiej siekiery, odkrytej przypadkowo w 2016 r. na gruntach miejscowości Łady, gm. Iłów, pow. sochaczewski. Zabytek jest pierwszym okazem eneolitycznej siekiery miedzianej z Mazowsza. Przeprowadzono badanie składu surowcowego siekiery (EDXRF) i analizę jej powierzchni (OM). Określono przynależność typologiczną zabytku i poddano pod dyskusję kulturowo- społeczny kontekst siekier płaskich na obszarze ziem polskich. Ustalono, że siekiera została odlana z miedzi arsenowej i nie była najprawdopodobniej użytkowana w pradziejach. Kontekst odkrycia oraz stan zachowania zabytku wskazują, że został on zdeponowany w środowisku mokrym. Na podstawie analizy typologicznej siekierę z Ład zaklasyfikowano do typu Bytyń w wariancie A. Powinno się zatem traktować ją jako pojedynczy skarb akwatyczny, zdeponowany przez wspólnoty kultury pucharów lejkowatych z Kotliny Warszawskiej między 3600/3500–3200/3100 cal.BC.

EN

This work presents the archaeometallurgical studies performed on the flat axe discovered accidentally in 2016 near the village Łady, Iłów commune, Sochaczew district. The axe is the first find of such an object reported from Mazovia. The axe is described in terms of raw-material profile (EDXRF) as well as its macrostucture (OM). This has been juxtaposed throughout this work with the results of typological and contextual (sociocultural) analysis of the Bytyń axes, which have also been found on Polish territory. It has been established that the axe was cast from arsenical copper. It is likely that the find from Łady did not serve as a functional tool in the past. The discovery context and the state of preservation indicate that the axe was deposited in an aquatic environment. By means of a typological analysis the find from Łady was classified as a flat axe of Bytyń A type and therefore it should be considered as the single hoard deposited by the Funnel Beaker culture communities from the Warsaw Basin between 3600/3500 and 3200/3100 cal. BC.