Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Quartz TL dating on selected layers from archaeometallurgical kiln fragments: a proposed procedure to overcome age dispersion

100%

Zacharias N. , Michael C. T. , Georgakopoulou M. , Kilikoglou V. , Bassiakos Y.

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tom Vol. 25

29-35

EN

TL dating of archaeometallurgical kiln remains provides information about the chronological period of the corresponding activities. Due to the high temperature this material has usually been subjected to, changes in the TL sensitivity of the quartz grains and also indications of mineralogical alterations, can be present. The study provides absolute ages for kiln assemblages from two prehistoric sites on the island of Seriphos (Cyclades, Greece). Additionally, as the study highlights sources of potential errors, a methodological approach for luminescence dating of similar material is presented.

2

Wykorzystanie żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie do początku okresu późnego

88%

Napierała M.

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tom 27

131-161

EN

The purpose of this article is to present the use of iron in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. The presentation of the development of metallurgy of this metal will be possible through the analysis of the preserved objects and their fragments, which show the subsequent stages of learning about the new raw material and the gradual adoption of various methods of iron processing. Due to the fact that no traces of iron processing workshops have survived from the times preceding the Late Period, the analysis of the preserved iron artifacts will enable the reconstruction of subsequent stages of the development of this metal metallurgy. Equally important as objects are the sources from which the Egyptians could obtain iron and the routes by which they imported it, because their presence is one of the basic requirements for metallurgy to develop and spread. I in studying the development of iron treatment the texts in which there is terminology describing iron will be also helpful. Furthermore, by reviewing the contexts of its use, it will be possible to enrich knowledge about the metallurgy of this metal. The analysis of the above points will allow to present a complete picture of iron metallurgy in Egypt.

3

Przełom VII w. p.n.e. w metalurgii żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie

88%

Napierała M.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2023

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tom 28

273-297

EN

The aim of the article is to present a breakthrough time for iron metallurgy, which was the beginning of the Late Period, in particular the reign of the XXVI Dynasty. Presentation of this issue will be possible through the analysis of preserved artifacts from this period It shows the variety of used forms of objects and the methods of iron processing. The key to this article is the presence of iron processing workshops in the Greco-Egyptian centers, which are the oldest – discovered evidence of the processing of this metal in Egypt. The analysis of the workshops themselves, the tools used there and the remnants of metalworking preserved will be helpful in studying the development of iron metallurgy in the discussed period. An important part of the work is also an attempt to answer the questions: where did the impulse that introduced workshop iron processing in Egypt come from, and whether the Nubians or maybe foreigners, e.g. the Greeks appearing at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and at the beginning of the Late Period in the country on the Nile? The analysis of the above points will emphasize the groundbreaking nature of the discussed topic.

4

Żelazo meteorytowe w starożytnym Egipcie przed okresem późnym

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Napierała M.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2021

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tom 26

241-279

EN

The aim of the article is to present an unusual raw material, which is the meteorite iron and its specific status in the culture of ancient Egypt. The presentation of this extraordinary material, highlighting the features allowing to recognize it, the interpretation of the artifacts made of it (taking into account the physicochemical analyzes), and the development of the results of experimental works recreating the methods of its processing allow us to obtain the necessary information about the delineation of meteorite iron metallurgy in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. An important source for achieving the article’s goal are also texts. Text analysis highlights the ambiguity of the terminology used to describe meteorite iron. By reviewing the contexts of its use, they allow us to enrich knowledge about its metallurgy and help to characterize the status of this metal in the consciousness of the Egyptians.

5

Reconstruction of the Late Bronze Age Foundry Process in Greater Poland: Analyzes and Simulations. Case Study of Hoard from Przybysław

75%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Piękoś M. , Perek-Nowak M. , Kozana J. , Żak P. , Fijołek A. , Silska P. , Stróżyk M.

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tom Vol. 67, iss. 3

1125--1136

EN

One of the most interesting categories of artifacts for archaeometallurgical research includes deposits of bronze items, so-called “metallurgists hoards”. They contain, aside of final products, many fragments of raw material and, moreover, metallurgical tools. An important source for the studies on the history of metallurgical technology is hoard from Przybysław, Greater Poland district. Thus, the aim of the work is the identification and interpretation of bronze-working practices and strategies adopted by prehistoric communities of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (ca. 600 BC). The examined objects are characterized in terms of their design, structure, and chemical composition. The methods chosen for the studies of artifacts include: metallographic macro- and microscopic observations using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the analysis of chemical composition with the methods of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF). The thermodynamic analysis of the alloys was performed on the basis of the CALPHAD method. The experimental melts allowed to verify the theoretical considerations and to determine the characteristic temperatures of changes. The old casting technology can be analyzed basing on computer modeling and computer simulation methods. Simulations in the MAGMASOFT® software are a good example to illustrate how to fill a mould cavity with a molten bronze for a hoop ornament. It is also an appropriate tool to determine temperature distribution in a mould. The simulations also show the possible disadvantages with this old technology.

6

Microstructure of Archaeological 17th Century Cast Copper Alloys

63%

Konieczny J. , Labisz K. , Głowik-Łazarczyk K. , Ćwiek J. , Wierzbicki Ł.

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tom Vol. 17, iss. 2

190--196

EN

In Poland, researchers have a very strong interest in archaeometallurgy, which, as presented in classical works, focuses on dating artefacts from the prehistoric and early medieval periods in the form of cast iron and copper castings. This study, extending the current knowledge, presents the results of a microstructure investigation into the findings from the Modern era dating back to the late Middle Ages. The investigated material was an object in the form of a heavy solid copper block weighing several kilograms that was excavated by a team of Polish archaeologists working under the direction of Ms Iwona Młodkowska-Przepiórowska during works on the marketplace in the city of Czestochowa during the summer of 2009. Pre-dating of the material indicates the period of the seventeenth century AD. The solid copper block was delivered in the form of a part shaped like a bell, named later in this work as a “kettlebell”. To determine the microstructure, the structural components, chemical composition, and homogeneity, as well as additives and impurities, investigations were carried out using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy including analysis of the chemical composition performed in micro-areas, and qualitative X-ray phase analysis in order to investigate the phase composition. Interpretation of the analytical results of the material’s microstructure will also help modify and/or develop new methodological assumptions to investigate further archaeometallurgical exhibits, throwing new light on and expanding the area of knowledge of the use and processing of seventeenth-century metallic materials.

7

Bronze Age dagger from Dargocice

63%

Sych D. , Miazga B. , Siejkowski K.

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tom 14

275-286

EN

In the spring of 2016, an archaeology student at the University of Wrocław together with a resident of Gościno commune found a blue-green blade that fitted into the palm of his hand. It was found in a ploughed soil while walking along a forest path in Dargocice (Gościno commune, Kołobrzeg district, West Pomeranian Voivodeship). The artefact was submitted to the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Wrocław for further analysis.

PL

Wiosną 2016 roku student archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego wraz z mieszkańcem gminy Gościno znalazł niebiesko-zielone ostrze, które dobrze pasowało do dłoni. Znaleziono je w wyoranej ziemi podczas spaceru leśną ścieżką w Dargocicach (gm. Gościno, pow. kołobrzeski, woj. zachodniopomorskie). Zabytek został przekazany do analizy w laboratorium Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.

8

Archaeometallurgical Investigations of the Early Iron Age Casting Workshop at Kamieniec. A Preliminary Study

63%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Kowalski Ł. , Kozana J. , Gackowski J. , Perek-Nowak M. , Szczepańska G. , Piękoś M.

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2016

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tom Vol. 16, iss. 3

29--34

EN

(Chełmno land, Poland) as it is reflected through casting workshop recovered during recent excavations. Among ready products, the ones giving evidence of local metallurgy (e.g. casting moulds and main runners) were also identified. With the shrinkage cavities and dendritic microstructures revealed, the artifacts prove the implementing a casting method by the Lusatian culture metalworkers. The elemental composition indicates application of two main types of bronzes: Cu-Sn and Cu-Pb. Aside these main alloying additions, some natural impurities such as silver, arsenic, antimony and nickel were found which may be attributed to the origin of the ore and casting technology. The collection from Kamieniec was described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint either local or non-local profile of the alloys, the ED-XRF data-set was statistically evaluated using a factor analysis (FA).

9

Wędzidło z Browiny, pow. toruński. Kolejny na ziemiach polskich ślad wschodniego oporządzenia jeździeckiego z wczesnej epoki żelaza

63%

Gackowski J. , Garbacz-Klempka A.

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tom Tom XXIX

s. 39-56

EN

The presented fragment of a metal horse bit was accidentally discovered during agricultural works carried out in Browina, Toruń district. Currently, it is impossible to associate this find with a specific archaeological site, but it can be assumed that this object (as a complete one) appeared in the early Iron Age in the local environment of the Lusatian culture, in the so-called ‘Grzywna’ microregion, one of a dozen or so, which together form the settlement space of the ‘Chełmża and Kamionki trough’ mesoregion. The discovered artefact should be associated with type of the so-called common horse bit, singly bent, originally consisting of two almost identical elements (slightly arched shafts) intertwined with smaller holes (loop links). The aforementioned horse bit rings were connected with the rest of the bridle. Only two similar metal horse bits are known from the territory of Poland. One, completely preserved, comes from the defensive settlement of the Lusatian culture in Gzin, Bydgoszcz district, while the second one, similarly incomplete as the specimen from Browina, was accidentally found in Gródek, Hrubieszów district. All three, due to the contexts of their occurrence and the available analogies, are associated with the steppe or forest steppe production of eastern European environments. The analysis of the chemical composition shows that the Browina horse bit is made of brass, i.e. copper alloy with a clear, intentional admixture of zinc. In the local cultural and settlement environment, a similar material was found in the zoomorphic pommel of a Scythian dagger (acinaces) from Płonczynek, Lipno district. The formal resemblance of the latter to a specimen found long ago in Bodzanowo, Radziejów district is clear. Based on the assessment of the zoomorphic style of these two items, their west Siberian origin is assumed. However, bearing in mind the noticeable presence in the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bend of the Vistula River (in Kuyavia and Chełmno-Dobrzyń Lake District) of various artefacts of similar, eastern provenance (bronze and iron militaria and jewellery, but also pottery), some of these product categories can be currently considered as products which could have been produced locally (apart from pottery, also some groups of bronze objects, e.g. trilobe arrowheads). Therefore, it is justified to further explore the problem of assessing the scope of adaptation of cultural patterns, alien to the ‘Lusatian’ environment in the early Iron Age. To date, as a rule, there has been a tendency to interpret these finds as traces of military actions of Scythian groups penetrating the area of southern Poland and reaching the aforementioned bend of the Vistula River. The complexity of the problem is therefore large, and it undoubtedly requires further archaeological and archaeometallurgical research. Nevertheless, it may be much better exposed in the near future, because after publication of the expected results of the prospection conducted within the so-called Chotyniec agglomeration, it will be possible to gain access to new source data, showing the scope and direction of the transmission of eastern cultural patterns.

10

Microanalysis of Early Medieval Archaeological Objects Made of Silver Alloy

63%

Miśta-Jakubowska E.

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2022

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tom 66

111-139

PL

We współczesnych badaniach zabytków archeologicznych metody fizykochemiczne wykorzystywane są w celu udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytania wykraczające poza obszar zainteresowań konwencjonalnego warsztatu historyka. Dotyczy to badań na pograniczu dziedzin, w tym badań materiałowych pozwalających na określenie składu pierwiastkowego i izotopowego zabytków. Wyniki takich analiz pozwalają na przybliżenie zagadnień dotyczących dystrybucji surowców oraz technologii wykonania zabytków. W pracy przedstawiono propozycję metodyki mikro-analizy SEM-EDS i LA-ICP-QMS uwzględniając jej ograniczenia wynikające ze specyfikacji technik, jak i stanu zachowania zabytków będącego efektem procesów korozyjnych i złej konserwacji. Przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań technologicznych i proweniencji wczesnośredniowiecznych zabytków wykonanych ze stopów srebra uwzględniając podział na grupy typologiczne to jest monety, placki srebrne i ozdoby. W sumie analizie poddano 200 obiektów wskazując jako główne źródło surowca przetop z dirhamów. Wyniki badań pozwoliły na materiałowy opis zjawiska istnienia rdzeni w denarach krzyżowych wyróżniając dwa rodzaje rdzeni: na bazie miedzi i mosiądzu. W przypadku ozdób umożliwiły ich rozróżnienie technologiczne wskazując na użycie lutowania opartego o związki miedzi ale też cyny i ołowiu, co ma swoje analogie w materiale złotniczym z terenu Czech. Receptury bazujące na oznaczonym składzie są opisane w źródłach antycznych. Placki srebrne natomiast można podzielić na trzy grupy ekstrakcyjne związane ze stopniem oczyszczenia kruszcu. Wstępne wyniki wskazują, iż obiekty te zostały wykonane z kruszczu azjatyckiego przy udziale ołowiu rodzimego, być może jako dodatku w procesie kupelacji.

EN

Modern archaeological research uses physico-chemical methods to answer questions beyond the scope of the conventional historian’s workshop. This applies to research on the borderline of fields, including material research into the elemental and isotopic composition of artefacts. The results of such analyses make it possible to address issues relating to the distribution of raw materials and the technology of artefact production. The paper discusses the SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-QMS micro-analysis methodology, addressing the limitations that result from the specification of techniques and the state of preservation of archaeological artefacts due to corrosion processes and conservation treatment. We present the preliminary results of technological research and provenance study of early medieval objects made of silver alloys, considered by typological group, i.e. coins, cake, and jewellery. Two hundred objects were analysed, revealing clear evidence for the use of remelted dirhams as the main source of raw material. The results of the research allowed for a material description of the phenomenon of the existence of cores in cross denarii, distinguishing two types of cores: based on copper and brass. In the case of jewellery, the research provided evidence for technological distinction, indicating the use of copper-based solders, as well as tin- and lead-based dolders, which have analogies in goldsmithing material from the Czech Republic. Recipes based on the marked composition are described in ancient sources. Silver cakes, on the other hand, can be divided into three extraction groups related to the degree of purification of the raw material. The preliminary results indicate that these objects were made of Asian dirhams and native lead, perhaps as an additive in the cupellation process.

11

DSC Application for Microstructure Investigations of Medieval Cu Alloys

63%

Konieczny J. , Labisz K. , Głowik-Łazarczyk K. , Surma S. , Wierzbicki Ł. , Jurczyk S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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tom Vol. 18, iss. 2

21--26

EN

Archaeometallurgical investigations presented in this work focus on analysing the microstructure as well as mechanical properties of artefacts from the17th in form of findings performed from cast iron as well as copper casts. The presented research results extend the up-to-date knowledge and present the analysis of structural compounds found in the microstructure of the artefacts from the time dating back to the late Middle Ages in the region around Czestochowa, Poland. The tested samples were found in earth in the city centre under the present marketplace. The excavation works were carried out in summer in the year 2009, and have resulted in the excavation of artefacts in form of copper block of the weight of several kg. The excavation action was led by a group of Polish archaeologists collaborating with the local authorities. The performed pre-dating of this element determines the age of the artefacts as the 17th century AD. The excavations that have been taking place since 2007 have widened the knowledge of the former Czestochowa. Historians of this town have suggested, that the found weight and traces of metallurgical activity suggest that the exposed walls were an urban weight. The weight is visible on the 18th century iconography. What was find on the Old Market indicates that there was a lush economic life before the Swedish invasion in this part of Poland. Some buildings lost their functions or were changed, others died in fires, but new places developed. To describe the microstructure, with its structural components, research was done using microscopy techniques, both of the light as well as electron microscopy (SEM), also chemical composition analysis was carried out using the EDS technique, as well as tool for phase analysis were applied in form of X-Ray Diffraction (qualitative analysis), especially for the reason to describe the phases present in the excavated material. This research will help to obtain new information in order to investigate further archaeometallurgical artefacts, extending the knowledge about middle age metallic materials its usage and manufacturing.

12

Od topni Kazimierza Wielkiego do huty miedzi Jana Turzo. Metalurgia miedzi od początku XVI wieku

51%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Karwan T. , Rzadkosz S.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2014

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tom R. 59, nr 1

22--29

PL

Kraków ma wielowiekowe, poświadczone poprzez źródła i badania naukowe, tradycje metalurgiczne i odlewnicze. Już od XII wieku Rynek krakowski mógł być miejscem produkcji wyrobów z metali nieżelaznych, co poświadczają znaleziska tygielków odlewniczych i relikty pieca ze śladami miedzi. W XIV wieku na Rynku funkcjonowała Wielka Waga dla miedzi, ołowiu i żelaza oraz topnie metali, wymieniane w przywileju królewskim Kazimierza Wielkiego. Od XV wieku rozwijał się w okolicach Krakowa przemysł metalurgiczny. Wielki przedsiębiorca Jan Turzo założył w podkrakowskiej Mogile (dziś Kraków, dzielnica Nowa Huta) hutę, w której zastosował innowacyjną metodę osrebrzania miedzi przy udziale ołowiu. Realizowane w latach 2005-2011 badania archeologiczne na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie, wraz z przeprowadzonymi badaniami metaloznawczymi pozyskanych zabytków, dowodzą roli Krakowa jako europejskiego centrum handlu metalami. Równocześnie odkrycie śladów produkcji średniowiecznej huty w Mogile k. Krakowa, wskazuje na Kraków jako centrum metalurgii miedzi. Dla lepszego poznania procesu odzyskiwania srebra od miedzi, dokonano badań żużli archeologicznych, odkrytych na terenie dawnej, piętnastowiecznej huty Jana Turzo w Mogile. Podjęte badania koncentrowały się na analizach historycznych oraz rozpoznaniu materiału archeologicznego pod względem technologicznym. Wyniki analiz porównano z efektami badań współczesnych żużli hutniczych z procesu wytwarzania miedzi. Wyniki badań wskazują, że zarówno w żużlu z huty miedzi w Mogile, jak i w aktualnie otrzymywanym żużlu, w procesie zawiesinowym występują kuliste wtrącenia „miedzi metalicznej” i dyspersyjna miedź. Badania składu chemicznego żużli historycznych wykazały dużą różnorodność pierwiastków metalicznych obecnych w materiale. Z analiz wynika, że największe stężenie we wszystkich badanych przypadkach żużli archeologicznych wyznaczono dla: miedzi oraz żelaza, ołowiu i antymonu. Zarejestrowano też niewielki udział srebra.

EN

Krakow has centuries-old, testified by sources and research, metallurgical and foundry traditions. It is possible that as early as the 12th century Krakow's market was the production place of non-ferrous metals artefacts, which is attested by finds of casting crucibles and furnace relics with copper traces. In the 14th century, at the Market Square there was the Great Scales for copper, lead and iron, as well as a metal melting shops mentioned in the royal charter of Casimir the Great. Since the 15th century, in Krakow's vicinity, metallurgical industry developed. A great entrepreneur, Jan Turzo, founded a copper smelter in Mogiła (today's Nowa Huta), where he implemented an innovative method of silver plating of copper with the help of lead. Archaeological research conducted between 2005 and 2011 at the Main Market Square in Krakow, together with the accompanying metal science investigations of the artefacts discovered, evidence Krakow's role as the European centre of metal trade. At the same time, the discovery of the production traces of the medieval smelter in Mogiła near Krakow, points to Krakow as the centre of modern copper metallurgy. For better understanding of the process of silver recovery from copper, archaeological slags discovered at the old, 15th century copper smelter of Jan Turzo in Mogiła, were investigated. The research focused on historical analysis and identification of the archaeological material from technological perspective. The research results were compared with the effects of contemporary smelter slags investigation; the slags coming from copper production process. The obtained results show that both in the Mogiła slag and in the present-day slag received from suspension process there are spherical inclusions of 'metallic copper' and strongly dispersive copper precipitates. The chemical analysis of the historical slag showed a wide variety of metallic elements present in the material; the greatest concentration in all samples of the archaeological slags was determined for copper and iron, lead and antimony. A small share of silver was also registered.

13

Ceramic Moulds for Precision Casting in the Bronze Age and Computer Reconstruction of the Casts

51%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Kozana J. , Piekoś M. , Kwak Z. , Długosz P. , Stolarczyk T.

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tom Vol. 15, iss. 1 spec.

21--26

EN

The casting workshop in Grzybiany, in Lower Silesia (SW Poland) is a valuable source of knowledge on the development of casting techniques in the 7 – 6 centuries BC. Abundant evidence found on the archaeological site points to cast manufacturing by means of precision casting in ceramic moulds (lost-wax molding). The workshop is the biggest collection of moulds for bracelet, necklace and other smaller decorative artefacts in Poland. The aim of the work is to conduct the research of the moulds and casts with the view of performing a computer reconstruction of the casting moulds from the Bronze and Early Iron Age, based on the Grzybiany finds. As part of the work, both the microscopic structure and defectoscopic analyses of the casting moulds were performed. Chemical composition of the casts was tested using the X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy method. Based on these results and using computer modelling methods, a geometric visualisation was performed, which is the bases for preparing the visualisation of the process of pouring liquid metal into the moulds, reconstructing both the technology and the alloys used.

14

Copper and Arsenical Copper During Eneolithic in Metallographic and Mechanical Properties Examination

51%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Kozana J. , Piękoś M. , Cieślak W. , Perek-Nowak M. , Kowalski Ł. , Adamczak K. , Łoś J.

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tom Vol. 15, iss. 4 spec.

23--28

EN

Arsenical copper has been used since 5th millennium cal.BC, later exchanged by application of Cu-Sn alloys in metallurgy. This work presents the results of metallographic and mechanical properties studies performed on two flat axes connected with local Eneolithic societies (4500-3000 cal.BC). The axes are one of the oldest metal artifacts from Polish land. Originally they were made from Cu-As alloy, and their chemical composition was established by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Their microstructure was analysed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy conducted with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The macrostructure analysis (OM) of the axes was performed as well. On the basis of the results, the alloys used in the Eneolithic to cast the axes were reproduced in lab. In order to achieve the characteristics of the alloys, their mechanical properties including ultimate tensile strenght (UTS), hardness (HB), microhardness (HV0,1) and ductility were examined. The solidification process was studied by means of thermal analysis.

15

Metallurgical Slags as Traces of a 15th century Copper Smelter

51%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Wardas-Lasoń M. , Kozana J. , Piękoś M. , Kwak Z.

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tom Vol. 17, iss. 2

25--30

EN

The research focuses on assessing the metal content, mainly copper, lead, iron and also silver in metallurgical slag samples from the area where historical metallurgical industry functioned. In the smelter located in Mogiła, near Krakow (southern Poland), whose operation is confirmed in sources from 1469, copper was probably refined as well as silver was separated from copper. Based on the change of chemical and soil phase content and also taking cartographic and historical data into account, considering the restrictions resulting from the modern land use the area was determined whose geochemical mapping can point to the location of the 15th century Jan Thurzo’s smelter in Mogiła near Krakow. Moreover, using the same approach with the samples of this kind here as with hazardous waste, an attempt has been made to assess their impact on the environment. Thereby, taking the geoenvironmental conditions into account, potential impact of the industrial activity has been assessed, which probably left large scale changes in the substratum, manifested in the structure, chemical content and soil phase changes. Discovering areas which are contaminated above the standard value can help to identify historical human activities, and finding the context in artefacts allows to treat geochemical anomalies as a geochronological marker. For this purpose the best are bed sediments, at present buried in the ground, of historical ditches draining the area of the supposed smelter. Correlating their qualities with analogical research of archeologically identified slags and other waste material allows for reconstructing the anthropopressure stages and the evaluation of their effects. The operation of Jan Thurzo’s smelter is significant for the history of mining and metallurgy of Poland and Central and Eastern Europe.

16

Bronze Jewellery from the Early Iron Age urn-field in Mała Kępa. An approach to casting technology

51%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Kowalski Ł. , Gackowski J. , Perek-Nowak M.

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tom Vol. 17, iss. 3

175--183

EN

This study characterizes the bronze jewellery recovered from the Lusatian culture urn-field in Mała Kępa (Chełmno land, Poland). Among many common ornaments (e.g. necklaces, rings, pins) the ones giving evidence of a steppe-styled inspiration (nail earrings) were also identified. With the dendritic microstructures revealed, the nail earrings prove the implementing of a lost-wax casting method, whereas some of the castings were further subjected to metalworking. The elemental composition indicates the application of two main types of bronze alloys: Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Pb. It has been established that the Lusatian metalworkers were familiar with re-melting the scrap bronze and made themselves capable of roasting the sulphide-rich ores. The collection from Mała Kępa has been described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X - ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint an alloy profile of the castings with a special emphasis on the nail earrings, the data-set (ED-XRF, EDS) was statistically evaluated using multidimensional analyses (FA, DA).

17

Pierwsze znalezisko eneolitycznej siekiery miedzianej na Mazowszu „Źródła archeologiczne w rejonie Parku Kulturowego Wietrzychowice”

51%

Adamczak K. , Samborski M. , Garbacz-Klempka A. , Bednarz S. , Kowalski Ł.

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tom 63

85-94

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki studiów archeometalurgicznych dotyczących płaskiej siekiery, odkrytej przypadkowo w 2016 r. na gruntach miejscowości Łady, gm. Iłów, pow. sochaczewski. Zabytek jest pierwszym okazem eneolitycznej siekiery miedzianej z Mazowsza. Przeprowadzono badanie składu surowcowego siekiery (EDXRF) i analizę jej powierzchni (OM). Określono przynależność typologiczną zabytku i poddano pod dyskusję kulturowo- społeczny kontekst siekier płaskich na obszarze ziem polskich. Ustalono, że siekiera została odlana z miedzi arsenowej i nie była najprawdopodobniej użytkowana w pradziejach. Kontekst odkrycia oraz stan zachowania zabytku wskazują, że został on zdeponowany w środowisku mokrym. Na podstawie analizy typologicznej siekierę z Ład zaklasyfikowano do typu Bytyń w wariancie A. Powinno się zatem traktować ją jako pojedynczy skarb akwatyczny, zdeponowany przez wspólnoty kultury pucharów lejkowatych z Kotliny Warszawskiej między 3600/3500–3200/3100 cal.BC.

EN

This work presents the archaeometallurgical studies performed on the flat axe discovered accidentally in 2016 near the village Łady, Iłów commune, Sochaczew district. The axe is the first find of such an object reported from Mazovia. The axe is described in terms of raw-material profile (EDXRF) as well as its macrostucture (OM). This has been juxtaposed throughout this work with the results of typological and contextual (sociocultural) analysis of the Bytyń axes, which have also been found on Polish territory. It has been established that the axe was cast from arsenical copper. It is likely that the find from Łady did not serve as a functional tool in the past. The discovery context and the state of preservation indicate that the axe was deposited in an aquatic environment. By means of a typological analysis the find from Łady was classified as a flat axe of Bytyń A type and therefore it should be considered as the single hoard deposited by the Funnel Beaker culture communities from the Warsaw Basin between 3600/3500 and 3200/3100 cal. BC.

18

The Analysis of Foundry Engineering of Copper Alloys Based on the Research of a Metallurgist Settlement in Szczepidło

51%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Makarowicz P. , Tokarski T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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tom Vol. 17, iss. 1

45--50

EN

The article presents chosen aspects of foundry engineering of the settlement dwellers, including the archaeometric characteristics and metal science analysis of the artefacts, as well as an attempted reconstruction of the production organization. Discovered in Szczepidło (Greater Poland), the foundry workshop is unique in Central European Bronze Age. This workshop foundry operated roughly XIV-XII Century BC. Its production is evidenced by the presence of markers of the whole production cycle: semi-finished and finished products, production waste, fragments of crucibles and casting ladles with traces of usage, and tools. On this basis the alloys and foundry technologies used have been described. The analysis of foundry technology of copper alloys in the settlement area was carried out by observing the surface and structure of the products, semi-finished artefacts and fragments of crucibles by applying optical microscopy (OM), confocal microscopy (CLSM) and X-ray radiography (RT). The investigations of compositions were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS).

19

Reconstruction of the Casting Technology in the Bronze Age on the Basis of Investigations and Visualisation of Casting Moulds

51%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Kwak Z. , Żak P. L. , Szucki M. , Ścibior D. , Stolarczyk T. , Nowak K.

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tom Vol. 17, iss. 3

184--190

EN

During excavation of the cremation cemetery of urnfield culture in Legnica at Spokojna Street (Lower Silesia, Poland), dated to 1100-700 BC, the largest - so far in Poland – a collection of casting moulds from the Bronze Age was discovered: three moulds for axes casting made out of stone and five moulds for casting sickles, razors, spearhead and chisels, made out of clay. This archaeological find constituted fittings of foundrymen’s graves. In order to perform the complete analysis of moulds in respect of their application in the Bronze Age casting technology analytical methods, as well as, computer aided methods of technological processes were used. Macroscopic investigations were performed and the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry method was used to analyse the chemical composition and metal elements content in mould cavities. Moulds were subjected to three-dimensional scanning and due to the reverse engineering the geometry of castings produced in these moulds were obtained. The gathered data was used to perform design and research works by means of the MAGMA5 software. Various variants of the pouring process and alloys solidification in these archaeological moulds were simulated. The obtained results were utilised in the interpretation of the Bronze Age casting production in stone and clay moulds, with regard to their quality and possibility of casting defects occurrence being the result of these moulds construction. The reverse engineering, modelling and computer simulation allowed the analysis of moulds and castings. Investigations of casting moulds together with their digitalisation and reconstruction of casting technology, confirm the high advancement degree of production processes in the Bronze Age.