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EN
The total antioxidant activity of three apple cultivars conventionally farmed (Jonagold, Golden Delicious and Idared) and two cultivars organically farmed (Jonagold and Golden Delicious) were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The spin label used for experiments was TEMPO radical (2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) with a well-defined EPR spectrum consisting of three equidistant peaks. The results obtained indicated difference in the total antioxidant activity of apples grown in two different ways, conventional and organic, as well as between different cultivars grown in the same way. The Golden Delicious cultivar is richer in antioxidants than the Jonagold and Idared, regardless of the method of farming. The difference between them is higher in conventionally grown apples than in organically farmed apples. Experimental data was fitted with non-linear curve fit for exponential decay of the first order based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method. The high values of the R2 parameters for all data indicated correctness in the proposition of exponential decay of the first order as a model describing the dynamic properties of spin labels which diminish in the presence of fresh apple juice.
EN
Poland is the biggest apple producing country in the European Union. The highest apple production level in the world there are on the Grójec and Warka area. The aim of the publication is to present a typology of fruit farms in the region of Grójec and Warka. The study made use of: the survey method with using an interview, and Ward’s hierarchical clustering method. The study was conducted among 229 fruit farms in Grójec and Warka area in July–August 2010. It allowed for the four types of fruit farms to be distinguished: farms with a potential for development, farms with an average potential for development, farms without a potential for development, and bankruptcy-bound farms.
PL
Polska jest największym producentem jabłek w Unii Europejskiej. Obszar Grójca i Warki charakteryzuje się najwyższym poziomem produkcji tych owoców na świecie. Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie ekonomicznej typologii gospodarstw sadowniczych w regionie Grójca i Warki. W pracy wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: metodę sondażową z wykorzystaniem kwestionariusza wywiadu oraz metodę grupowania hierarchicznego Warda. Badanie przeprowadzono wśród 229 gospodarstw sadowniczych na terenie gmin Grójca i Warki w okresie czerwiec-sierpień 2010 roku. Pozwoliło to na wyodrębnienie czterech typów gospodarstw sadowniczych: gospodarstwa o dużym potencjale rozwojowym, gospodarstwa o średnim potencjale rozwoju, gospodarstwa bez potencjału rozwoju oraz gospodarstwa upadające, pozbawione możliwości dalszego rozwoju.
EN
This paper deals with determining nitrates (III) and (V), lead and cadmium in 10 apple, 10 plum, 12 strawberry, 12 raspberry, and 10 white grape samples. Examined products originated from allotment gardens localized in the center of Lublin as well as in its surroundings. Among the analyzed fruits, the highest nitrate (III) contents were found in plums and white grapes harvested from the allotments located outside the city. Regardless of the harvest site, the highest content of nitrates (V) was recorded in strawberries. Exceeding permissible lead levels occurred in the majority of analyzed fruit samples, while in the case of cadmium, the permissible limit was exceeded only in white grape samples.
EN
The paper presents some aspects of relations between modern plant protection of apple orchards and ecotoxicology. Based on significant similarity of the shape and size of apple and tomato fruits the relation between the doses of active ingredients of plant protection products and their residue levels immediately after treatment was derived for the apples and then quality indices and the risks for human health were estimated. It was found that many of the currently in force MRLs need to be revised and the exposure of consumer should not exceed the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and acute reference doses (ARfDs) for pesticide residues.
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