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The role of ecotones in man-disturbed landscape : boundaries between mixed forest and adjacent man-made ecosystems in the Kampinos National Park, Poland

100%

Dąbrowska-Prot E. , Wasiłowska A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2012

tom Vol. 60, nr 4

677--698

Ecologists agree that one of the main effects of human activity is the decrease in patch size in the landscape and hence an increase in ecotone length as a transition zone between adjacent ecological systems. Theoretical and practical importance of this concept has become one of the leading issues in current ecological research. The ecological importance of the ecotones was investigated, in the boundary of natural forest complex of the Kampinos National Park and adjacent anthropogenic ecosystems. Quantitative and qualitative changes of plant communities and of dipterans (Chloropidae) – important pests of wild and crop plants – were recorded along four types of transects located at the distance of 3 km: 1/ mixed forest (Querco roboris-Pinetum Mat. 1981) – ecotone – managed meadow (Deschampsietum caespitosae Hor vatic 1930); 2/ mixed forest – ecotone – crop field (Arnoserido-Scleranthetum R.Tx.1937); 3/ mixed forest – ecotone – spontaneously growing 20-year-old birch wood; 4/ mixed forest – ecotone – planted 17-year-old pine wood. The exchange of plant and dipteran species between forest ecosystem and its surrounding was analysed. The role of ecotones as transit zone or barrier for such exchange and as optimum or exclusive habitat for plant and dipteran associations was evaluated. Botanical studies showed that the neighbouring, ecotone-forming communities differed markedly in the vegetation structure and species composition (similarity index between them varied from 8 to 47%). Width of contact zones was also different, ranging from 4 to 14 m. Therefore, two groups of transects were distinguished: mixed forest – young woods and mixed forest – agricultural communities which differed in plant species richness and vegetation structure in particular transect zones. It created clear contrast between ecosystems and their ecotones. Some species were being found exclusively in ecotones but these species differed among different ecotones. The so-called ‘edge effect’ was manifested in increased number of plant species in the ecotone compared with neighbouring ecosystems, higher density of some populations and their better life condition (reflected in individual’s size, earlier entering subsequent phenological phases, fecundity). Chloropidae mainly dwelled the transect of mixed forest – meadow (60% of all caught in study area) and mixed forest – crop field (24%). Only 16% of dipteran species were caught in the transect of mixed forest – woods. Phytophagous species dominated in the first two transects (80–86% of the total number). Saprophagous species were 4–6 time less numerous there. The proportions of both trophic groups were more uniform in the transect of mixed forest – woods. Of the 44 Chloropidae species only 10 (22%) were widely dispersed in the study area and only two species – the dangerous pests Oscinella frit L. and O. pusilla Mg. were noted in all zones of all studied transects. In the transects of mixed forest and anthropogenic ecosystems, only meadow and crop field created optimal habitats for Chloropidae They were ‘ecological traps’ that maintained over 66% of all dipterans caught in the study area. This finding contradicts the supposition of potential threat posed by these pests to protected forest grounds due to a proximity of nearby meadows and croplands. Similarly, there was no threat of penetrating the sustainable mixed pine forest complex by synanthropic plant species. They were mainly found in the crop field. Only 1/3 of these species permeated to the ecotone zone, but none to the forest.

Efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus of Myriophyllum spicatum L. under anthropopression – a case study from Upper Silesian

100%

Roszkowska E.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

2019

tom 17

nr 3

5-12

Obecny typ globalnej gospodarki i zarządzania środowiskiem wymaga zmiany podejścia do wykorzystania zasobów naturalnych w celu zaspokojenia ludzkich potrzeb. Systemowe podejście i analiza znaczenia ekosystemów antropogenicznych wydaje się być dobrym narzędziem zrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów miejskich i poprzemysłowych. Jednym z przykładów ekosystemów antropogenicznych są zbiorniki wodne, powstałe w nieckach osiadania, przyczyniające się do wzrostu bioróżnorodności na obszarach ubogich w zbiorniki wód powierzchniowych. W pracy przedstawiono analizę wpływu jakości wody w zbiornikach antropogenicznych na wydajność aparatu fotosyntetycznego Myriophyllum spicatum L. Zbadano pięć zbiorników o różnej jakości wody. Wydajność aparatów fotosyntetycznych makrofitów mierzono za pomocą sygnału fluorescencji chlorofilu za pomocą fluorymetru Pocket PEA. Wyniki pokazały, że transport elektronów zmniejszał się wraz z pogarszającą się jakością wody w zbiornikach. Prowadzi to do osłabienia populacji Myriophyllum spicatum, a w dalszej konsekwencji może spowodować przyspieszenie eutrofizacji zbiorników.

The current type of global economy and environmental management requires a change in its approach to the use of natural resources in order to meet human needs. A system approach and an analysis of the importance of anthropogenic ecosystems appears to be an effective tool for sustainable development of urban and post-industrial areas. One example of anthropogenic ecosystems are mining water reservoirs, formed in the basins of subsidence, affecting the increase of biodiversity in the area poor in the surface water reservoirs. This study presents analysis of the impact of water quality in anthropogenic reservoirs on the Myriophyllum spicatum L. photosynthetic apparatus efficiency. Five reservoirs with different water quality were analysed. The photosynthetic apparatus performance of macrophytes was measured using the chlorophyll fluorescence signal through a Pocket PEA fluorimeter. The results showed that electron transport decreased with deteriorating water quality of reservoirs. This leads to a weakening of the population of Myriophyllum spicatum, which, as a further consequence, may lead to an acceleration of eutrophication of reservoirs.