Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The Ancient Hippocrates: Galen and the apology of medicine in the Protrepticus

100%

Komorowska J.

Classica Cracoviensia

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2014

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nr 17

103-115

EN

Easy as it is to consider Galen’s Protrepticus a straightforward exercise in the art of hortative rhetorics, it seems advisable to consider the ramifications and the role played by the philosophical hypotext: given the details of the argument, one may easily be reminded of certain passages of the Platonic Gorgias, as well as the importance of the actual imagery exploited in the course of exposition. In doing so, the essay seeks to reevaluate the Galenic work and put it in the wider context of philosophizing discourses of the era.

2

Barley flour (áleuron kríthinon) in ancient and early Byzantine medicine (I – VII c. AD)

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Jagusiak K. , Kokoszko M.

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nr 1

41-51

PL

The following article attempts to address two issues. The first one concerns dietetic characteristic of barley flour, which was a very popular product used both in Graeco-Roman and Byzantine culinary art and medicine. The second one deals with the therapeutic role of this product: different forms of remedies made from it, its effects on the human body, and various health problems cured by an application of medicines containing aleuron krithinon. To address these questions we study ancient and Byzantine Greek medical sources written between the 1st and 7th century AD by Dioscurides, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida, Alexander of Tralles, Paul of Aegina, and the anonymous author of the treatise entitled De cibis.

3

Preliminary Notes on the Physician Krateuas (2nd–1st Century BC). A New Collection of his T and F

100%

Squillace G.

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tom 11

427-442

EN

The physician Krateuas lived in the first part of the 1st century BC, worked at the court of Mithridates and wrote a Rhizotomikon (Herbal) of which only a few fragments remain. More than a century ago, Max Wellmann studied this physician (1897; 1898) and collected his Testimonies (T) and Fragments (F) as an appendix of his edition of Dioscorides De materia medica (1914). After Wellmann, only short studies (mostly encyclopedia entries) have been carried on Krateuas, whose work influenced Dioscorides. This paper is a first step towards a monograph on this physician and a new edition of T and F with translation and historical commentary.

4

Lekarz Hermiasz z Kos w świetle źródeł epigraficznych

88%

Kaczyńska E.

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tom 32

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nr 1

7-39

EN

The aim of my article is to discuss six Hellenistic inscriptions which mention Hermias, son of Emmenidas, a distinguished physician from Kos. Two longer honorary inscriptions are connected with Hermias’ five-year stay on the island of Crete as a public doctor. The epigraphic sources in question will be carefully reviewed, translated into Polish and commented on the article.

5

Physicians of the Body Versus Therapists of the Word: Reflections On Medicine and Sophistry

88%

Ioli R.

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nr 1

189-210

EN

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the connection between ancient medicine and sophistry at the end of 5th century B.C. Beginning with analyses of some passages from the De vetere medicina (VM), De natura hominis (NH) and De arte, the article identifies many similarities between these treatises, on the one hand, and the sophistic doctrines, on the other: these concern primarily perceptual/intellectual knowledge and the interaction between reality, knowledge and language. Among the Sophists, Gorgias was particularly followed and imitated, as he was admired not only for his tremendous rhetorical skills, but also for his philosophically significant work On not being, which probably influenced various discussions in the Hippocratic treatises. However, if Gorgias argues in favor of language as dynastēs megas, the authors of VM, NH and De arte consider knowledge to be far more relevant and reliable than logos. These Hippocratic treatises criticize the philosophical thesis and the resulting kind of reductionism. Above all they defend the supremacy of medicine over any other art. By using the same argumentative and rhetorical strategies that were employed by Gorgias, these treatises reverse the thought of those Sophists who exalted only the technē tōn logōn.

6

Brytyjskie naczynie z emaliowanym zoomorficznym wylewem z Łęgu Piekarskiego – nowe ustalenia i hipotezy

75%

Bochnak T. , Czarnecka K.

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tom LXX

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nr 70

105-127

EN

From the accidently discovered “grave I” from Łęg Piekarski (Turek County, Poland) comes a unique bronze bowl with a perforated wall and an enamelled, zoomorphic spout, which finds analogies among the Late Celtic vessels from the British Isles. A re-analysis, which took into account the increase in the reference material, made it possible to present a new interpretation of this unusual find, both in regard to its form and supposed use. The strainer and spout suggest that the vessel might have been used to prepare herbal infusions. We do not know if it was used in this manner in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture.

7

Przybory higieniczne używane na ziemiach polskich w pradziejach

75%

Cybulska M.

Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny

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2010

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tom 73

13-18

PL

Zabytki znajdowane przez archeologów podczas prac wykopaliskowych pozwalają rzucić trochę światła na zabiegi higieniczne w pradziejach, w epoce brązu i żelaza. Do przyborów higieny osobistej należą: grzebienie, brzytwy, pęsetki, nożyce, zwierciadła. Są one świadectwem, że ludność terenów Polski stosowała wiele zabiegów higienicznych, zapewne z chęci osiągnięcia lepszego wyglądu i ze względów zdrowotnych. Z monografii, materiałów i sprawozdań archeologicznych dowiadujemy się o chronologii, typologii i funkcji tych przedmiotów. Przyjmuje się, że przybory toaletowe znajdowane w grobach na cmentarzyskach wczesno dziej owych odzwierciedlają status zmarłego w danej społeczności i jego stan posiadania. Przybory higieniczne obok funkcji użytkowej były wykorzystywane w obrzędach i praktykach magicznych, służyły także za amulety.

EN

Relics found by archaeologists during excavations shed some light on hygienic procedures in prehistoric times, in the Bronze and Iron Age. Personal hygiene accessories include: combs, razors, tweezers, scissors and mirrors. It can be concluded that the people inhabiting the Polish territory used a number of hygienic procedures with the view to improve health and appearance. Monographs, archaeological materials and reports reveal chronology, typology and functions o f such toiletries. The objects found in graves in cemeteries from early historical period may reflect the status of the deceased in a given community and their wealth. Hygienic accessories, besides their practical function, were also used during various ceremonies, magical practices and served as amulets.

8

O medycznych właściwościach i zastosowaniu miodu w De medicina libri VIII Aulusa Korneliusza Celsusa

75%

Bartnik A.

Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis

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2020

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tom 5

88-127

EN

The medical application of honey has a long tradition. In antiquity it was used as a potent substance with dietary and medicinal attributes. Based on Celsus’ texts we know that the ancient Romans used honey primarily in treating skin conditions, including inflammations such as Erysipelas, wounds, all types of ulcers and eye diseases. Celsus mentioned honey in numerous formulas, but he did not distinguish between its types or the ways in which it was obtained. More attention was paid to such matters in the following centuries. This can be observed by analysing the formulas included in the works of younger authors.

9

The Concept of Whole Substance in Galen’s "Simple Medicines"

75%

Wilkins J.

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tom 11

479-491

EN

Galen’s great treatise on drugs, Simple Medicines, begins with 5 theoretical books which explain the mechanisms of drug actions in the following catalogues. The key agent of change is the mixture of the qualities hot, cold, wet and dry. But drugs also have substance, the leaf, root or fruit of plants, the material of animals and minerals. How does substance act on the human body? This is one of the key questions for the theory of drugs, since mixtures had already been explored by Galen in Mixtures. Galen’s exploration of substance brings him to the composition of a drug – in thick or fine particles – and to the notion of substances in the plural and the notion of whole substance in the cases of foods and poisons, all of which Galen places in the class of drugs. Whole substance is the core of the paper. Galen’s understanding of substance as of qualities depends heavily, as often, on Aristotle. The paper presents an argument based on the key passages in Simples I–V, which I have recently translated for the Cambridge Galen series, as too on related passages in Mixtures and On the Capacities of Foods.

10

Aconite – a Poison, or a Medicine? Ancient and Early Byzantine Testimonies

75%

Jagusiak K. , Tadajczyk K. T.

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2022

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tom 12

119-134

EN

Aconite (Aconitum napellus) was one of the most notorious, poisonous plants in the ancient world. Its dangerous, lethal power – present in leaves, roots, stem, and tuber – was well known to the Greeks and the Romans from the earliest times. Evidence of this phenomenon is not only present in archaeological findings, but also in many writings – biographies, poems, legal codes, etc. However, the most precise and detailed accounts come from treatises written by botanists, physicians and encyclopaedists, like Theophrastus, Nicander, Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, or Galen, and by early Byzantine authors, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida, and Paul of Aegina. In their testimonies, one can find descriptions of aconite, its influence on the human body (and animals), and remedies for affected people. In contrast, there are few passages from these sources that inform the readers about the healing properties of aconite. According to these fragments, carefully administered, aconite could be helpful in some therapies, but its use was extremely hazardous, as even a small part of the plant could kill a man.

11

Food for Life: Galen’s "On Health" ("De sanitate tuenda")

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Wilkins J.

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2022

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tom 13

153-164

EN

In Galen’s view, health was a natural state and disease unnatural. If a body became unwell, balance was best restored by adjustments to daily life, in particular to the environment, food and drink, exercise, sleep, physiological balance and mental health. If none of these worked, only then should drugs or more drastic treatments be considered. Galen sets out in On Health how the natural state is best preserved, starting from birth, through childhood, to adulthood and old age. There are several features to be noted, not least the relentlessly male focus (with childbirth the major area of consideration for women specifically) and the use of the idealised young man as the canon against which to measure all bodies. This latter feature has led commentators to suppose that Galen only has the leisured rich class in mind, wrongly I believe. Two recent translations in the Loeb series (Johnston) and in the CUP Galen series (Singer forthcoming) have made the text readily available to all, and further discussion is timely. In my paper I will focus on Galen’s use of diet and massage to keep the body healthy. I shall also consider the unhealthy body which takes up the last three of the six books, as the life span nears later age and greater fragility. Even here, Galen prefers food and gentle remedies to bloodletting and drugs (which are in effect often stronger versions of food plants). Galen claims that this regime has kept him healthy for 50 years, despite his less than perfect constitution and lifestyle. He is thus a doctor who experiments on himself to promote a lifestyle which, he claims, should, after an initial assessment, maintain the patient without need of a doctor for life.

12

Anonymus Londinensisi : kategorie teoretyczne medycyny starożytnej

75%

Bednarczyk A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2000

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tom R. 45, nr 3/4

109--160

PL

O pochodzącym z Egiptu i zawierającym tekst lekarski zwoju papirusowym, który został nabyty w 1891 roku przez British Museum i skatalogowany pod numerem137, jako pierwszy poinformował znany angielski paleograf, papirusologi kustosz oddziału rękopisów Muzeum, Frederic George Kenyon (1863-1952)¹ on również kilka lat później zawiadomił o odnalezieniu należących do tego rękopisu drobnych fragmentów w liczbie 23, które trafiły do British Museum dopiero w 1900 roku. Kenyon propozycję wydania rękopisu złożył H. Dielsowi(1848-1922); znakomity ten filolog rok po ukazaniu się pierwszej wiadomości o istnieniu nieznanego dotychczas rękopisu przygotował jego editio princeps pod łacińskim tytułem, który, zdawać by się mogło, jednoznacznie przesądzał autorstwo wydanego tekstu². Tekst ten był później ogłaszany dwukrotnie: w postaci niemieckiego przekładu i przygotowanej przez znanego angielskiego edytora i tłumacza rozpraw Corpus Hippocraticum, W.H.S. Jonesa, edycji grecko-angielskiej en regard.

EN

The current study deals with a medical text contained in a papyrus scroll discoveredat the end of the 19th century, and known since that time as the AnonymusLondinensis.The scroll was acquired by the British Musem and its existence was announced in a shortcommunication by F.G. Kenyon (1892). The text was first published by H. Diels (1893);the second edition (carrying some supplementary material as well as an English translation en regard) was published by W.I I.S. Jones (1947).

13

Poemat dydaktyczny Markellosa z Side o leczniczych walorach ryb morskich

63%

Tadajczyk K.

Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae

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2021

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tom 31

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nr 2

27-42

PL

The article describes a preserved poetic fragment commonly called De piscibus, written by Marcellus of Side. He was a physician and a renowned epic poet, who lived in the town of Side (Pamphylia) in the second century AD. In the analyzed fragment (v. 41–101), being an extract from his didactic epos entitled Cheironides, Marcellus of Side presents a number of remedies prepared from some marine animals, especially fishes, living in the Mediterranean Sea.

14

The Chickpea (ἐρέβινϑος; Cicer arietinum L) as a Medicinal Foodstuff and Medicine in Selected Greek Medical Writings

63%

Kokoszko M. , Jagusiak K. , Dybała J.

Studia Ceranea

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2017

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tom 7

99-120

EN

Leguminous plants were a crucially important element in the Mediterranean diet, and, as such, these plants were second only to cereals. It is also important to note that according to medical writings preserved from antiquity and the early Byzantine period they were considered to be an accessible source of substances which could be applied in therapeutics. One of the most commonly mentioned legumes was the chickpea. The source material demonstrates that the medicinal properties of the chickpea and its therapeutic use were discussed by Greek physicians as early as in the fourth century BC. It seems that the plant was a readily accessible medicament and thus used in therapy also by those who could not afford costly medicines. The authors argue, however, that the medical theory concerning its role in therapeutics evolved into a fully developed form only in the first century AD (thanks to Dioscorides) and was not modified by Galen. The doctrine of these two physicians became part of the medical encyclopaedias of the early Byzantine period. The presented material also illustrates the fact that a significant number of medicinal Recipes which involved using the chickpea were formulated between the second century BC and the second century AD. Byzantine physicians avidly used these formulas in their practice, but failed to develop them in a significantly innovative way. The surviving medical writings make it possible to conclude that the chickpea was believed to be a highly effective medicine and as such worthy of cultivation, which only testifies to the general popularity of the plant. Medical writings may serve as a proof that the chickpea remained a key element in the Mediterranean diet throughout the period from the fourth century BC to the seventh century AD. The analysed material demonstrates the use of the same basic varieties of the erebinthos throughout the period, even though some local variants were also identified. The consistency of the data also suggests that the scale and methods of cultivation of this plant remained unchanged. The culinary uses of the chickpea must also have been the same throughout the period, given that the writers discussed similar uses of the plant as a foodstuff.

15

Worshipping Artemis and Hera: The Healing Landscape of Ancient Greece

63%

Senkova M.

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tom 20

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nr 2

30-39

EN

This paper arises from the socio‑cultural norms about female biology that are evident in the Greek medical theories and discusses what measures women could take in response to the concerns presented by them. Taking the viewpoint of individuals as ‘consumers’ of healing, it examines healing opportunities within the shrines of Artemis and Hera. Artemis and Hera are well known to us for their association with women, their biological and social maturation, and, consequently, conception, pregnancy and childbirth. A significant body of evidence potentially indicating a concern for female health exists in their sanctuaries, typically in the form of votive offerings. Did all the sanctuaries of Artemis and Hera offer protection for gynaecological problems? Did the two goddesses offer the same level of protection? Was this protection subject to regional variation? Investigating votives dedicated to the two deities, this paper surveys ways in which the healing landscape of ancient Greece may have functioned in regard to female patients. Evidence from major sites in Attica, the Peloponnese and Asia Minor is brought together to allow a better comparison of customs.

16

Nazewnictwo narzędzi medycznych w czwartej księdze Onomastikonu Polydeukesa

63%

Szula K.

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tom T. 66, nr 2

55--67

EN

This article aims to discuss the nomenclature of medical tools in Book Four of Onomasticon by Julius Pollux and to assess the usefulness of this work as a source of knowledge in research on the history of medicine. The article contains an original translation that allows for a detailed analysis of the given passage. Onomasticon is an ancient lexicon and the only surviving work by Pollux who lived in the 2nd century CE and represented the Second Sophistic. In Onomasticon, he compiled ancient Greek vocabulary on various topics, including terminology relating to medical tools. The layout of the chapter is not accidental. The author divides the terms into several groups: cutting and mechanical tools, dressings, bloodletting devices and physician’s office equipment. Sometimes he indicates the authors - mainly comedy playwrights - from whom he resourced the chosen vocabulary. The terminology was also drawn from lexicons. The vast majority of phrases mentioned by Pollux was used in a medical context in other literary sources and medical treatises, for example by Hippocrates and Galen. Words that appear in a medical context only in Onomasticon may result from the author’s error or can be new evidence for the studies on ancient medicine.

17

Galen

63%

Supady J.

Health Promotion & Physical Activity

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2020

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tom 12

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nr 3

12-15

PL

Galen był obok Hipokratesa najznakomitszym lekarzem starożytności. Urodził się w 131 r. w Pergamonie, ale po odbyciu studiów lekarskich przeniósł się do Rzymu, gdzie zyskał wielki rozgłos. Był lekarzem przybocznym cesarzy. Oddając się badaniom, dokonał wielu okryć w dziedzinie anatomii i fizjologii. W dziedzinie patologii opierał się na nauce Hipokratesa. W diagnostyce stosował badanie pulsu i moczu. Napisał ok. 500 dzieł, z których do naszych czasów przetrwało 117. Osiągnięcia naukowe Galena stanowiły ogromny postęp w zakresie nauk lekarskich. Jego niepodważalny autorytet w Europie trwał ponad 15 wieków. Zmarł Galen w Rzymie w 201 r.

EN

After Hippocrates, Galen was one of the most outstanding physicians of the ancient world. He was born in Pergamon in c. 131 AD, but soon upon completion of his medical studies he went to become physician-in-ordinary to the Roman Emperors. Being devoted to his studies, he made a lot of discoveries in the field of anatomy and physiology. In pathology, he based his ideas on Hippocrates teaching. In diagnostics, he examined pulse and urine. He wrote about 500 treatises of which only 117 writings have survives to this day. Galen’s scientific achievements have contributed enormously to the development and progress of medical sciences. His authority was unquestionable in Europe for over 15 centuries. Galen died in Rome in c. 201 AD.

18

Nazewnictwo narzędzi medycznych w czwartej księdze Onomastikonu Polydeukesa

63%

Szula K.

|

nr 2

55–67

EN

This article aims to discuss the nomenclature of medical tools in Book Four of Onomasticon by Julius Pollux and to assess the usefulness of this work as a source of knowledge in research on the history of medicine. The article contains an original translation that allows for a detailed analysis of the given passage. Onomasticon is an ancient lexicon and the only surviving work by Pollux who lived in the 2nd century CE and represented the Second Sophistic. In Onomasticon, he compiled ancient Greek vocabulary on various topics, including terminology relating to medical tools. The layout of the chapter is not accidental. The author divides the terms into several groups: cutting and mechanical tools, dressings, bloodletting devices and physician’s office equipment. Sometimes he indicates the authors – mainly comedy playwrights – from whom he resourced the chosen vocabulary. The terminology was also drawn from lexicons. The vast majority of phrases mentioned by Pollux was used in a medical context in other literary sources and medical treatises, for example by Hippocrates and Galen. Words that appear in a medical context only in Onomasticon may result from the author’s error or can be new evidence for the studies on ancient medicine.

19

Opieka skoncentrowana na pacjencie w świetle współczesnych ujęć metodologicznych i wybranych pism hippokratejskich oraz Quaestiones medicinales Rufusa z Efezu – zarys problematyki

51%

Wieżel I.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2021

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tom 69

|

nr 3

125-137

EN

The Hippocratic writings show that ancient medicine focused its diagnostic and therapeutic efforts on the patient to a high degree. However, Rufus of Ephesus, an author from the 2nd century A.D., shows that listening carefully to the patient is no less important in medicine than taking into account his existence’s external and internal conditions. Making the patient a unique partner in the pursuit of improving the quality of their health also enhances their quality of life. Moreover, modern medical humanities strongly emphasize the fact that taking into account the biopsychosocial aspects of patient care strengthens the principle that in any case, it is the person who should be in the center of therapeutic care. His life and health constitute the overriding goal of any medical intervention.

PL

Pisma hippokratejskie dowodzą, że starożytna medycyna w wysokim stopniu skupiała swoje wysiłki diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne na pacjencie. Rufus z Efezu, autor z II wieku po Chrystusie, pokazuje jednak, że w medycynie nie mniej ważne jak uważne słuchanie pacjenta jest też branie pod uwagę warunków zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych jego egzystencji. Uczynienie chorego wyjątkowym partnerem w dążeniu do poprawy jakości jego zdrowia poprawia także jakość jego życia. Co więcej, we współczesnej humanistyce medycznej mocno podkreśla się fakt, że uwzględnienie biopsychospołecznych aspektów opieki nad pacjentem wzmacnia zasadę, że w każdym wypadku to właśnie człowiek powinien znajdować się w centrum opieki leczniczej, a jego życie oraz zdrowie stanowi nadrzędny cel każdej interwencji medycznej.

20

Wine and Myrrh as Medicaments or a Commentary on Some Aspects of Ancient and Byzantine Mediterranean Society

51%

Rzeźnicka Z. , Kokoszko M.

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tom 9

615-655

EN

The present study has resulted from a close reading of prescriptions for therapeutic wines inserted in book V of De materia medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, the eminent expert in materia medica of the 1st century A.D. The authors emphasise the role of wine varieties and selected flavourings (and especially of myrrh) in order to determine the social status of those to whom the formulas were addressed. This perspective gives the researchers ample opportunity for elaborating not only on the significance of wine in medical procedures but also for underscoring the importance of a number of aromatics in pharmacopoeia of antiquity and Byzantium. The analysis of seven selected formulas turns out to provide a fairly in-depth insight into Mediterranean society over a prolonged period of time, and leads the authors to draw the following conclusions. First, they suggest that medical doctors were social-inequality-conscious and that Dioscorides and his followers felt the obligation to treat both the poor and the rich. Second, they prove physicians’ expertise in materia medica, exemplifying how they were capable of adjusting market value of components used in their prescriptions to financial capacities of the patients. Third, the researchers circumstantiate the place of medical knowledge in ancient, and later on in Byzantine society. Last but not least, they demonstrate that medical treatises are an important source of knowledge, and therefore should be more often made use of by historians dealing with economic and social history of antiquity and Byzantium.