Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Numeryczny sposób wyznaczania całkowitych wartości nieoznaczoności pomiaru fazowego

100%

Cellmer S. , Rapiński J.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Geodesia et Descriptio Terrarum

|

2008

|

tom Vol. 7, nr 2

29-36

PL

W artykule przedstawiony opracowany przez autorów sposób poszukiwania całkowitych wartości nieoznaczoności pomiaru fazowego. Sposób ten jest pewną numeryczną techniką poszukiwania optymalnego rozwiązania w teorii estymacji wartości całkowitych metodą najmniejszych kwadratów (theory of integer least squares). Zaprezentowano podstawy teoretyczne oraz przykłady numeryczne ilustrujące działanie metody.

EN

The self developed by authors approach of integer value of ambiguity search for phase’s measurements is presented in the paper. This approach is one of the numeric techniques of optimal solution search in theory of integer least squares. Theoretical bases as well as numeric examples illustrating of method are presented.

2

Wieloznaczne słownictwo w chrystologii Nowego Testamentu

71%

Gryglewicz F.

The Biblical Annals

|

1976

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tom 23

|

nr 1

17-27

PL

Es gibt in NT Worte, die verschiedene Tatsachen aus dem Leben Jesu beschreiben, wobei man nicht weiss an welche Tatsachen der Hagiograph gedacht hat, und auch solche Worte, die zwei oder drei Bedeutungen glechzeitig haben, die man nicht genau trennen kann. Diese vieldeutige Worte sind Widerhall der Schwierigkeiten mit denen die Urkirche und die neutestamentlich Verfasser kämpften um aus Mangel der eigentlichen theologischen Nomenklatur diesen Inhalt, der von Person und Lehre Jesu dargebracht ist, auszudrücken. Man adaptierte gemeinsam gebrauchte Worte und suchte neue, manchmal erfolglos. Dem ältesten christlichen Wortschatz gehören an: egeiro und anistemi - über die Mission Jesu, eleusis- über sine Fleischwerdung, und pais Theou. Aus späterem Zeitraum stammen: faneroo, epifaneia und auch didomi über die Mission Jesu. Das von Lukas (1, 79) im Benedictus-Hymnus gebrauchte Zeitwort epifaino kann als eine Grenze zwischen dem ältesten und dem späteren Zeitraum gesehen werden.

3

The learning teacher: role of ambiguity in education

71%

Suzawa G. S.

Journal of Pedagogy

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2013

|

tom 4

|

nr 2

220-236

EN

Life is full of ambiguities, but as teachers we generally try to teach our students in a manner that sanitizes knowledge of all of its ambiguities. In doing so, we create an educational environment which forces students to learn in a rather meaningless fashion and this in turn leads to a lack of vitality and relevance within the academy. This need not be the case. As teachers, we should reflect on the epistemological foundations of our theories of learning and teaching and to closely examine how our teaching devices and techniques adhere to our theories. Furthermore, we need to be receptive to making any changes in our theories and teaching practice that may be warranted by the critical and creative thinking process that we apply to our professional activities. This paper attempts to guide readers through such a reflexive thinking process by trying to loosely establish a relationship between the deep concept of ambiguity (uncertainty) and some of our theories of learning via the acceptance of the view that the ultimate foundation of all human knowledge is ambiguity. We create and establish the meaning of all of our knowledge via a process of self-referencing logos. An implication of the application of self-referencing logic is the notion that a teacher can simultaneously learn and teach (“the learning teacher”). Thus, this can serve as the basis for developing the model of the “reflexive practitioner” in the teaching profession.

4

Niedookreśloność znaczeniowa idiomów z perspektywy semantyki kognitywnej i jej implikacje dla frazeografii

71%

Sulikowska A.

|

nr 25/3

61-77

EN

One of the most important and most complex research tasks within phraseology and phraseography is the description of the meaning of idioms. Idioms are, as seen from the semantic point of view, especially complicated language units. They contain a semantic added value which results from two aspects: (i) their ambiguity based on feedback between the literal and the lexicalized meaning, (ii) their polylexicality – their semantic derivations can occur on the level of the word group and also concern the individual elements. The aim of the article is to characterize the semantic potential of idioms and to try its explication.

5

Spectres of Ambiguity in Divergent Thinking and Perceptual Switching

71%

Taranu M. , Loesche F.

Avant

|

2017

|

nr 8

EN

Divergent thinking as a creative ability and perceptual switching between different interpretations of an unchanging stimulus (known as perceptual multistability) are thought to rely on similar processes. In the current study, we investigate to what extent task instructions and inherent stimulus characteristics influence participants' responses. In the first experiment, participants were asked to give as many interpretations for six images as possible. In the second experiment, participants reported which of two possible interpretations they saw at any moment for the same line drawings. From these two experiments, we extracted measures that allow us direct comparison between tasks. Results show that instructions have a large influence over the perception of images traditionally used in two different paradigms and that these images can be perceived in appropriate ways for both tasks. In addition, we suggest that the connection between the two phenomena can be explored interchangeably through three experimental manipulations: a) using a common set of images across both experiments, b) giving different task instructions for the two tasks, and c) extracting comparable metrics from both experimental paradigms.

6

Preference Relations in Ranking Multivalued Alternatives in Finance Using Stochastic Dominance

71%

Trzpiot G. , Department of Statistics A. o. E.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

|

2004

|

tom 175

EN

This study used stochastic dominance tests for ranking alternatives under ambiguity, to build an efficient set of assets for a different class of investors. We propose a two-step procedure: first test for multivalued stochastic dominance and next calculate the value of preference relations.

PL

W artykule wykorzystano testy stochastycznej dominacji dla rangowanych hipotez alternatywnych w warunkach dwoistości w celu zbudowania efektywnego zbioru aktywów dla różnych klas inwestorów. Zaproponowano procedurę składającą się z dwóch kroków. Pierwszym jest test dla wielowartościowej dominacji stochastycznej. W następnym kroku obliczona jest wartość dla powiązań preferowanych.

7

Ambiguity and the uncanny in Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw and its Polish translations

71%

Sowiński B.

Między Oryginałem a Przekładem

|

2017

|

tom 35

23-35

XX

Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw poses an interpretative challenge to its researchers, readers, and translators. The unique character of the novelette, which is surrounded by the aura of the uncanny, is closely related to the ambiguous narrative and linguistic devices used by the author. Major interpretations of the text followed Gothic, Freudian, and metanarrative approaches. The paper sets out to investigate the extent to which the translations proposed by Witold Pospieszała and Jacek Dehnel adhere to any these approaches and whether and how they try to deal with the ambiguities that make James’s masterpiece so uncanny.

8

Injectivity of the Parikh Matrix Mappings Revisited

71%

Serbanuta V. N. , Serbanuta T. F.

|

2006

|

tom Vol. 73, nr 1-2

265-283

EN

We deal with the notion of M-unambiguity [5] in connection with the Parikh matrix mapping introduced by Mateescu and others in [7]. M-unambiguity is studied both in terms of words and matrices and several sufficient criteria for M-unambiguity are provided in both cases, nontrivially generalizing the criteria based on the g-property introduced by Salomaa in [15]. Also, the notion of M-unambiguity with respect to a word is defined in connection with the extended Parikh matrix morphism [16] and some of the M-unambiguity criteria are lifted from the classical setting to the extended one.

9

Uncertainty and Probability within Utilitarian Theory

71%

Baron J.

|

nr 53

6-25

EN

Probability is a central concept in utilitarian moral theory, almost impossible to do without. I attempt to clarify the role of probability, so that we can be clear about what we are aiming for when we apply utilitarian theory to real cases. I point out the close relationship between utilitarianism and expected-utility theory, a normative standard for individual decision-making. I then argue that the distinction between “ambiguity” and risk is a matter of perception. We do not need this distinction in the theory itself. In order to make this argument I rely on the personalist theory of probability, and I try to show that, within this theory, we do not need to give up completely on the idea that a “true probability” (other than 0 or 1) exists. Finally, I discuss several examples of applied utilitarianism, emphasizing the role of probability in each example: reasonable doubt (in law), the precautionary principle in risk regulation, charity, climate change, and voting.

10

Spectres of Ambiguity in Divergent Thinking and Perceptual Switching

71%

Taranu M. , Loesche F.

Avant

|

2017

|

tom 8

EN

Divergent thinking as a creative ability and perceptual switching between different interpretations of an unchanging stimulus (known as perceptual multistability) are thought to rely on similar processes. In the current study, we investigate to what extent task instructions and inherent stimulus characteristics influence participants' responses. In the first experiment, participants were asked to give as many interpretations for six images as possible. In the second experiment, participants reported which of two possible interpretations they saw at any moment for the same line drawings. From these two experiments, we extracted measures that allow us direct comparison between tasks. Results show that instructions have a large influence over the perception of images traditionally used in two different paradigms and that these images can be perceived in appropriate ways for both tasks. In addition, we suggest that the connection between the two phenomena can be explored interchangeably through three experimental manipulations: a) using a common set of images across both experiments, b) giving different task instructions for the two tasks, and c) extracting comparable metrics from both experimental paradigms.

11

Niejednoznaczność wypowiedzi humorystycznych a kompetentne komunikowanie się

63%

Kucharski A.

Człowiek i Społeczeństwo

|

2020

|

tom 50

EN

The aim of this paper was to discuss competent communication, specifically humorous statements containing ambiguity. Attention was brought to difficulties when deciding between informative and humorous manners of communication. It is not easy to differentiate between the two manners, which means we do not always adjust to the correct manner when speaking with our conversationalist. It brings special difficulties, when the communicator knowingly does not state what manner his speech should be received in. Farther, we cannot always form a phrase in a certain manner, even if the manner is known to us, which can lead to further issues in communication. Communication competency, including humour competency is not only the ability to understand and appreciate the humorous aspect in the message, but also the ability to formulate a humorous statement appropriate for the situation and to the aims raised by an individual.

12

On the Number of Nonterminal Symbols in Unambiguous Conjunctive Grammars

62%

Jeż A. , Okhotin A.

|

2018

|

tom Vol. 162, nr 1

43--72

EN

Unambiguous conjunctive grammars with 1 nonterminal symbol are shown to be strictly weaker than the grammars with 2 nonterminal symbols, which are in turn strictly weaker that the grammars with 3 or more nonterminal symbols. This hierarchy is established by considering grammars over a one-symbol alphabet, for which it is shown that 1-nonterminal grammars describe only regular languages, 2-nonterminal grammars describe some non-regular languages, but all of them are in a certain sense sparse, whereas 3-nonterminal grammars may describe some non-regular languages of non-zero density. It is also proved that one can test a 2-nonterminal grammar for equivalence with a regular language, whereas the equivalence between a pair of 2-nonterminal grammars is undecidable.

13

Towards naturalness scales of pragmatic complexity

62%

Kilani-Schoch M. , Sánchez Miret F. , Dressler W. U.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

|

2011

|

tom 47

237

EN

This paper is an attempt to handle pragmatic complexity within the framework of Natural Linguistics. Specifically it aims at building two naturalness scales of the complexity of pragmatic inferences based on the naturalness parameters of trans-parency–opacity and of biuniqueness–ambiguity, illustrated mainly with French examples. The scales are complementary: transparency–opacity deals with hierarchized meanings, biuniqueness–ambiguity with exclusive alternative meanings. Pragmatic complexity is intended here as a function of the number and types of inferences or inferential steps included in the description of an utterance meaning. It is defined quantitatively and qualitatively and converges with cognitive complexity. The scales distinguish phenomena that are to varying degrees opaque or ambiguous (indirect, elliptic or non-literal) according to whether there is flouting or violation of a Gricean maxim and how this takes place. The number of cotextual and/or contextual dimensions as well as variable cog-nitive operations, modes of reasoning and meaning relations are taken as measures of pragmatic complexity. The paper also discusses the relation between complexity and markedness. This issue reveals a conflict between the perspectives of speaker and hearer.

14

Relating Concrete Defeasible Reasoning Formalisms and Abstract Argumentation

62%

Maher M. J.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2017

|

tom Vol. 155, nr 3

233--260

EN

There are a wide variety of formalisms for defeasible reasoning that can be seen as implementing concrete argumentation on defeasible rules. However there has been little work on the relationship between such languages and Dung’s abstract argumentation. In this paper we identify two small fragments of defeasible rule languages on which many concrete defeasible formalisms agree. The two fragments are closely related, as we show. Both arise as ways to express abstract argumentation frameworks in the concrete formalisms. Using these fragments, we establish a close relationship between abstract argumentation under semantics based on complete extensions, and ambiguity blocking logics in the framework of Antoniou et al. These results support a uniform approach to deriving complexity lower bounds for defeasible formalisms, where a lower bound is established for abstract argumentation and can then be extended “for free” to corresponding concrete defeasible formalisms.

15

Deformacja i pozorność dialogu w kontekście quasi-relacji społecznych

62%

Brzozowski T. T. , Wydział Nauk Społecznych U. W.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica

|

2013

|

tom 26

EN

This text covers a wide range of problems in social relationships. In the Author's opinion, a present social reality doesn't allow deeper contacts between people. Current understanding of the concept of the dialogue, reduces it to negotiations or communication acts. But none of them isn't a suitable substitute of the dialogue with its richness of a sense. The present time is characterized by superficiality of relationships in societies. Instead of the dialogue, we deal with only quasirelationship. People haven't lost ability of reflective and critical reception of their life and they can't feel existence of others as someone important, unique and indispensable for a proper and authentic meeting. In the dialogue, everybody shapes a meeting as momentous event. Different understanding of the depth this concept, can lead up to reduction of relationships in modern society. Misinterpretation of the dialogue concept makes our life common, mediocre, trashy. The article analyzes a moral condition of modern society and points at possible and existing threats in a field range of people's relationships.

16

Записная книжка писателя и литература постмодернизма: точки сближения

62%

Ефимова С.

|

2012

|

nr 5

100-110

EN

This article begins with a brief characterization of the writer’s notebook as a special text type. Then the article analyzes structural and compositional features that notebooks of the 19th and 20th centuries have in common with postmodernist prose. These features include: a) fragmentary narration; chaotic composition; many syntactic and semantic ellipses; b) the absence of one main idea and an important role of chance in the creative process; c) an opportunity to start reading a text from any of its parts, even from the end; d) a great number of intertextual links; similarity to hypertext; e) no stylistic and thematic limitations, etc. There are three possible explanations of these points of convergence: a psychological one, a linguistic one and a historical-literary one.

17

Problem wieloznaczności składniowej w przepisach zawierających wyliczenia wierszowe

62%

Zeifert M.

Studia Iuridica

|

2020

|

tom 83

262-277

PL

The article addresses the problem of syntactic ambiguity in legal provisions containing linear enumerations (namely such where the elements of enumeration are placed next to each other, without any editorial distinction). There seem to be two types of such ambiguity. The first one stems from the ambiguity of logical relations between the elements of enumeration. This often involves considerations concerning conjunctive words (i.e. and, or). The second one stems from the ambiguity of purely syntactic relations between the elements of enumeration and the modifiers. This type is rarely properly identified by interpreters in the Polish legal practice. The article offers examples from the Polish case law and makes suggestions for legislative drafters how to avoid the described ambiguity.

18

Accounting for Language Humour Devices in Terms of Eugeniu Coșeriu’s Theory

62%

Măciucă G.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

|

2021

|

tom 16 (Semanticity, Alterity, Creativity: Building on Eugenio Coseriu’s Legacy (II))

172-198

EN

While endeavouring to document humour-generating [=HG] devices, we set out on a trek across various theories on language to see which of them – if any – could be made available for tapping in this respect. The idiosyncratic stance Coșeriu took on linguistic norms [=LN], in particular the view he advanced, that they are even apt to cause each other to be breached, greatly assisted us in blazing a trail on the comic effects that could be generated in the process. A synopsis of research on effects orchestrated by infringement of LN and ambiguity combined is presented in the second section of the contribution at hand, after reviewing a selection of theoretical rudiments of both HG devices in Section 1. The third and last section takes linguicomedy a step further, into the shifting sands of translatability, with a major focus on the translator as languacultural communicator. In the concluding remarks to the final subsection thereof we take the liberty to put forward a scale for rating translatability of LN-flouting humour (which just happens to differ – and with good reason, too – from Coșeriu‘s hierarchy of LN-breaching types), as well as the legitimate claim, in our view, of humour translation to a genre per se.

19

Realisation of Indirect Speech Acts in Online Job Advertisements

62%

Łącka-Badura J.

Linguistica Copernicana

|

2013

|

nr 1(9)

267-281

EN

The present paper aims to investigate which types of speech acts play a dominant role in the texts of online job advertisements, to what extent those acts are realised indirectly, and what purposes this indirectness may serve. The research is based on an analysis of a corpus comprising 100 online recruitment ads, of which 60 appeared in the Internet editions of three major UK newspapers, and the remaining 40 were found on two of the leading UK job portals. Methodologically the study is grounded in the cognitive approach to speech act theory, whereby the speech act taxonomy as proposed by J. Searle is treated as prototypical categorisation enhancing the organisation and systematicity of the analysis. The findings indicate that over a half of the micro-acts identified in the sample are realised indirectly. The two largest categories comprise assertions and ‘complex’/ambiguous micro-acts, both performing the functions of boasting and promising, and thus contributing to the overall persuasive appeal of recruitment ads.

20

The effect of interlingual and intralingual semantic priming on translating ambiguous words

62%

Maciuszek J. , Unrug T.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

|

2018

|

tom 49

|

nr 2