Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Obesity - a natural consequence of human evolution

100%

Henneberg M. , Grantham J.

Anthropological Review

|

2014

|

tom 77

|

nr 1

1-10

EN

Obesity is considered a major epidemic of the 21st century. In developed countries, about 1/3 of adults are obese and another 1/3 overweight according to the oversimplified measure - the Body Mass Index. More precise indicators of adiposity: waist circumference, skinfolds, underwater weighing and absorptiometry indicate similar levels of fatness. Obesity per se does not necessarily lead to pathological states, nor to premature mortality. Recent results of large sample studies indicate that more than 1/3 of people classified as obese by fatness indices are physiologically normal. Others, however, suffer from a number of pathological conditions, common among them being the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. The classical explanation for increasing obesity is the positive energy balance - too much food intake and too little exercise. It seems, however, that this explanation is too simplistic. In societies, and in families, exposed to overeating and lazy lifestyles, about 1/3 of individuals have normal body mass and low levels of fatness, while others become obese. There is, therefore, individual variation in propensity for obesity. We have identified two specific variables differentiating fatness. People who have large lean trunk frames - large volumes of abdominal cavities and thus large gastrointestinal tracts - put on more subcutaneous fat than those with smaller trunk frames (Henneberg and Ulijaszek 2010). This may be a result of larger volumes of food required for antral extension to release ghrelin, or larger surface area of small intestines for food absorption. The second variable is concentrations of Alanine Transaminase, an enzyme responsible for conversion of an amino acid to a carbon skeleton that can be used in fat synthesis. Our study of 46000 young Swiss males (Henneberg, Rühli, Gruber and Woitek 2011) found consistent correlation between levels of Alanine Transaminase and body weight in groups of normal body mass individuals, overweight individuals and moderately obese individuals. Coupling this finding with the fact that among vegetarians, even those living in North America with overabundance of food and low levels of exercise, obesity and overweight are much less common than among non-vegetarians, we have now hypothesized that the increased obesity of modern affluent societies is a result of consumption of animal protein when energy needs are already covered by carbohydrates and fat consumed concurrently. Until the advent of agriculture, humans relied on consumption of a variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals supplemented by relatively small amounts of plant foods. In this situation our bodies became adapted to use proteins as a source of energy, and became efficient at storing occasional surpluses of amino acids by their deamination and conversion to fats. In the modern diets carbohydrates are abundant and provide, together with fats, energy required by human bodies, proteins after deamination are efficiently converted to fats. When new types of crops are introduced to mass production of cheap foods our bodies may not be able to react correctly to all their contents and some of the ingredients may cause additional fatness. An example of widespread recent introduction of industrially processed soybean products that correlates with prevalence of obesity across countries of the world is discussed

2

Ontogenetic features of protein metabolism in laying hens during the rearing and egg production period

72%

Kyryliv B.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Zootechnica

|

2018

|

tom 17

|

nr 3

3

Clinicopathologic characterization of sorafenib-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in human liver cancer cells

58%

Liu M. , Zhou R. , Wu X. , Xu X. , Su M. , Yang B.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

|

2018

|

tom 69

|

nr 4

4

Plant polyisoprenoids and control of cholesterol level

58%

Pronin A. V. , Narovlyansky A. N. , Sanin A. V. , Danilov L. L.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

|

2014

|

tom 62

|

nr 1

5

Influence of sodium selenite and emulsigen injection on the concentration of mineral elements and activity of creatine kinase and asparagine and alanine transaminases in sheep serum

58%

Bik D.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

|

1996

|

tom 40

|

nr 2

EN

The experiment was performed on 24 ewes divided into 4 groups. Experimental sheep were injected parenterally either with a sodium selenite and Emulsigen mixture or sodium selenite or Emulsigen. The injection of sodium selenite and Emusigen mixture, and Emulsigen alone substantially increased serum copper and magnesium concentrations. Moreover, a marked decrease in creatine kinase activity was found in all experimental groups as compared to that in the controls. No significant alterations in iron, zinc, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations and the enzyme's activities were noted.

6

Wybrane wskazniki biochemiczne hemolimfy w przebiegu inwazji Varroa jacobsoni u pszczol. II. Aktywnosc transaminazy asparaginianowej i alaninowej w hemolimfie czerwia, pszczol i trutni

44%

Sokol R.

Acta Academiae Agriculturae ac Technicae Olstenensis. Veterinaria

|

1996

|

tom 24

113-125

PL

Badania przeprowadzono w lipcu, sierpniu i we wrześniu w 1992 i 1993 roku na 15-, 17- i 19-dniowym czerwiu pszczelim i 19- i 21-dniowym czerwiu trutowym oraz 1-, 2- 3-dniowych pszczołach robotnicach oraz 1- i 2-dniowych trutniach pobieranych z 6 rodzin laturalnie zarażonych roztoczem Varroa jacobsoni. Z odwloką poczwarek pobierano hemolimfę lakłuwając pipetą pasterowską błonę międzysegmentalną pomiędzy 2 a 3 eternitem, a od pszczół i trutni z zatoki grzbietowej za drugim sternitem. W hemolimfie oznaczano aktywność tminotransferazy alaninowej (A1AT) i asparaginianowej (AspAT) metodą Reitmana i Frankela stosując zestaw diagnostyczny firmy Lachema Brno. Inwazja Varroa jacobsoni na czerwiu, pszczołach i trutniach prowadzi do obniżenia aktywności aminotransferazy alaninowej i asparaginianowej, a ich aktywność w hemolimfie czerwia jest zależna od wieku poczwarek, inwazji Varroa jacobsoni i okresu badań. U pszczół robotnic trutni, które pozbyły się stałej obecności pasożytów i przystąpiły do samodzielnego pobierania pokarmu aktywność A1AT i AspAT wyrównuje się z grupą wolną od inwazji.

EN

The research was carried out in July, August and September, 1992 and 1993. It concerned 15-, 17- and 19-day-old bee maggot, 19- and 21-day-old drone maggot, 1-, 2- and 3-day-old worker bees and 1- and 2-day-old drones, taken out of 6 families infected with Varroa jacobsoni mites in a natural way. In the case of pupae, haemolymph was collected from abdomen, using Pasteur's pipette to prick intersegmental membrane between 2nd and 3rd sternits. In the case of bees and drones, it was collected from dorsal sinus behind 2nd sternit. The activity of asparagine (AspAT) and alanine (A1AT) aminotransferases was determined in haemolymph by means of the Reitman and Frankel method, using a diagnostic set produced by Lachema Brno. Invasion of Varroa jacobsoni leads to decrease in the activity of asparagine and alanine aminotransferases, and their activity in haemolymph of maggot depends on the age of pupae, Varroa jacobsoni invasion and research period. In the case of worker bees and drones, which managed to get rid of parasites and started to feed themselves, the activity of A1AT and AspAT was on a level similar to that achieved by the group free from invasion.