Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Indicators of Adiposity in Brazilian Adolescents

100%

Schultz Straatmann V. , Veiga G. V. d.

Human Movement

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2015

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tom 16

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nr 2

64-70

EN

Purpose. In view of the increasing prevalence of overweight at early ages and its possible association with physical inactivity, investigations into the best method to assess physical inactivity and its association with excess weight in epidemiological studies are required. This study aimed to examine the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity with indicators of adiposity in an adolescent population. Methods. This cross-sectional study involved a random sample of 697 students aged 12-19 years from public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Overweight was classified according to body mass index. Body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance, cardiorespiratory fitness by a 9 min run/walk test (T9), and physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to verify the magnitude of the associations. Results. Adolescents with poor T9 performance were more likely to be overweight (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.0) and have excess body fat (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.3) than those with better performance. Those classified as moderately active by the IPAQ were more likely to have excess body fat than those classified as active (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8). Conclusions. Because of the greater magnitude of the association between cardiorespiratory fitness, as assessed by using the T9, with being overweight and having excess body fat, the T9 may serve as a valuable instrument in the school environment to identify inactive adolescents who are at risk of developing obesity.

2

Sarcopenic obesity in older people

100%

Bobowik P. Ż.

Advances in Rehabilitation

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2020

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tom 34

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nr 4

25-35

EN

Senility is strongly associated with changes in body composition. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) consists of symptoms such as increased body fat mass and a reduction in muscle strength and/or mass. The review covered treatment methods and diagnostic criteria used in SO patients. Moreover, the impact of SO on the health of older people was reviewed. Papers from the Science Direct and PubMed databases were analysed. The following keywords were used: “sarcopenic obesity”, "diagnostic", "treatment", "elderly", and "physical therapy". The inclusion criteria encompassed research studies on SO in older people. To be precise, the review included papers from January 2015 to March 2020, and the review itself was carried out from March to April 2020. Out of over 1,200 SO articles, 18 met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. All of the chosen papers were divided into two main groups. The first group contained papers about SO’s impact on the health of older people. The second comprised works about SO treatment methods. The most commonly used SO diagnostic indicators were: BMI (25kg/m2-30kg/m2), BF% (27%-42%), SMI (x<24%-27%; SMI 0.789), and ALST (x<15.02 kg). SO was also assessed via the use of algorithms. Sarcopenic obesity is a common syndrome related to body composition in older people. Currently, SO patients can be effectively treated with aerobic and resistance training, whole-body electromyostimulations (WB-EMS), supplements, and psychological interventions. Due to the great impact of SO on people’s health, future studies should concentrate on systematising the diagnostic criteria for SO.

3

Exposure to Concomitant Low Health-Related Physical Fitness Components and Associated Sociodemographic Factors in Brazilian Adolescents

88%

Minatto G. , Petroski E. L. , Santos Silva D. A.

Human Movement

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2012

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tom 13

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nr 4

303-312

EN

Purpose. To determine the prevalence of the presence of concomitant low health-related physical fitness components with sociodemographic factors among Brazilian adolescents living in a small town of German colonization. Methods. A cross-sectional epidemiological study on adolescents (10 to 17 years old) from the public schools of Sao Bonifacio, Santa Catarina, Brazil (N = 277) was conducted. The FITNESSGRAM test battery was applied to assess three physical fitness components (body composition, cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness). Data on age (split into two age groups of 10-12 and 13-17 years), gender (male/ female), area of residence (rural/urban) and socioeconomic status (low/high) were collected by a questionnaire. Maturity, determined by pubic hair development, was self-assessed. The analyzed physical fitness components were analyzed in terms of the groups of three possible combinations that featured two physical fitness components concomitantly. Adjusted binary and multinomial logistic regression was applied, adopting a confidence level of 95%. Results. 75.4% of boys and 88.5% of girls showed unsatisfactory levels for health in at least one physical fitness component. Girls living in rural areas were more likely to have combinations of excess body fat with low muscular fitness (OR = 5.06, 95% CI [1.31, 19.61]), low muscular fitness with low cardiorespiratory fitness (OR = 5.46, 95% CI [1.24, 23.94]) and feature two (OR = 8.82, 95% CI [1.60, 48.49]) low values of the components regardless of which combination. Boys aged 10-12 years were less exposed to lower fitness levels compared to those with satisfactory levels (OR = 0.09, 95% CI [0.01, 0.61]). Conclusions. More effective measures aimed at promoting physical fitness among adolescents are needed, where special attention should be given to boys aged 10-12 years and girls aged 13-17 years and living in rural areas.

4

Obesity - a natural consequence of human evolution

88%

Henneberg M. , Grantham J.

Anthropological Review

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2014

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tom 77

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nr 1

1-10

EN

Obesity is considered a major epidemic of the 21st century. In developed countries, about 1/3 of adults are obese and another 1/3 overweight according to the oversimplified measure - the Body Mass Index. More precise indicators of adiposity: waist circumference, skinfolds, underwater weighing and absorptiometry indicate similar levels of fatness. Obesity per se does not necessarily lead to pathological states, nor to premature mortality. Recent results of large sample studies indicate that more than 1/3 of people classified as obese by fatness indices are physiologically normal. Others, however, suffer from a number of pathological conditions, common among them being the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. The classical explanation for increasing obesity is the positive energy balance - too much food intake and too little exercise. It seems, however, that this explanation is too simplistic. In societies, and in families, exposed to overeating and lazy lifestyles, about 1/3 of individuals have normal body mass and low levels of fatness, while others become obese. There is, therefore, individual variation in propensity for obesity. We have identified two specific variables differentiating fatness. People who have large lean trunk frames - large volumes of abdominal cavities and thus large gastrointestinal tracts - put on more subcutaneous fat than those with smaller trunk frames (Henneberg and Ulijaszek 2010). This may be a result of larger volumes of food required for antral extension to release ghrelin, or larger surface area of small intestines for food absorption. The second variable is concentrations of Alanine Transaminase, an enzyme responsible for conversion of an amino acid to a carbon skeleton that can be used in fat synthesis. Our study of 46000 young Swiss males (Henneberg, Rühli, Gruber and Woitek 2011) found consistent correlation between levels of Alanine Transaminase and body weight in groups of normal body mass individuals, overweight individuals and moderately obese individuals. Coupling this finding with the fact that among vegetarians, even those living in North America with overabundance of food and low levels of exercise, obesity and overweight are much less common than among non-vegetarians, we have now hypothesized that the increased obesity of modern affluent societies is a result of consumption of animal protein when energy needs are already covered by carbohydrates and fat consumed concurrently. Until the advent of agriculture, humans relied on consumption of a variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals supplemented by relatively small amounts of plant foods. In this situation our bodies became adapted to use proteins as a source of energy, and became efficient at storing occasional surpluses of amino acids by their deamination and conversion to fats. In the modern diets carbohydrates are abundant and provide, together with fats, energy required by human bodies, proteins after deamination are efficiently converted to fats. When new types of crops are introduced to mass production of cheap foods our bodies may not be able to react correctly to all their contents and some of the ingredients may cause additional fatness. An example of widespread recent introduction of industrially processed soybean products that correlates with prevalence of obesity across countries of the world is discussed

5

Growth and Functional Characteristics of Male Athletes 11-15 Years of Age

75%

Malina R. , Rożek K. , Ignasiak Z. , Sławińska T. , Fugiel J. , Kochan K. , Domaradzki J.

Human Movement

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2011

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tom 12

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nr 2

180-187

EN

Purpose. To evaluate the growth and functional characteristics of male athletes 11-15 years of age. Basic procedures. The sample included 190 boys, 10.5-15.4 years, undergoing training of sport schools for track and field (136) and other sports (54). Height, weight, three skinfolds and % Fat (NIR) were measured. Grip strength, standing long jump, 2 kg medicine ball throw and 20 m sprint were tested. Track and field athletes were compared by discipline and to athletes in other sports using MANCOVA (multivariate analysis of covariance). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the relative contributions of age, body size and adiposity to the four functional indicators in two age groups, those 11-13 years and 14-15 years. Main findings. All variables except the standing long jump and 20 m sprint differed significantly by track and field discipline. Only height and ball throw differed among athletes in other sports. Track and field athletes had a significantly lower BMI and % Fat and performed better in the jump and sprint than athletes in other sports. Variance explained in each of the functional indicators was greater in younger than in older athletes. The sum of skinfolds and % Fat exerted a negative influence on all functional indicators. Conclusions. Trends in body size of male athletes attending sport schools were consistent with observations for youth male athletes in several sports. Height, weight and adiposity accounted for significant portions of variation in the four functional indicators in each age group, but the explained variance was higher in younger athletes.

6

Postawa ciała chłopców wiejskich z niedoborem i nadmiarem tkanki tłuszczowej w organizmie

75%

Górniak K. , Lichota M. , Popławska H. , Dmitruk A.

Rocznik Lubuski

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2014

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tom 40

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nr 2

163-176

EN

The aim of this study was to analyze the body posture and arches of the feet of rural boys with deficiency or excess of body fat, and to compare these parameters with those of participants with normal adiposity. The study was conducted in 2008 among rural children and adolescents from Biała Podlaska Province. Adiposity and body posture of 589 boys aged between 7 and 18 years were analyzed. Three groups of boys, with deficiency or excess of adipose tissue and normal adiposity, were identified on the basis of percentile charts of percentage body fat. Body posture was examined with Posturometr-S device and classified according to Wolański’s typology modified by Zeyland-Malawka. Arches of the feet were determined with podoscope, according to Weissflog. Analysis of the prevalence of various types of body posture revealed that the kyphotic type was most frequent among boys with normal percentage of body fat. Balanced type of body posture was more prevalent among the participants with deficiency of body fat, and the lordotic type among those with excessive adiposity. Scoliosis was documented most often among boys with low percentage of body fat, and flat feet among those characterized by high adiposity.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena postawy ciała oraz wysklepienia stóp chłopców wiejskich z niedoborem i nadmiarem tkanki tłuszczowej na tle badanych o prawidłowej zawartości tej tkanki w organizmie. Badania przeprowadzono w 2008 roku wśród dzieci i młodzieży wiejskiej z powiatu bialskiego. Scharakteryzowano otłuszczenie i postawę ciała 589 chłopców w wieku 7-18 lat. Wykorzystując wartości centylowe tkanki tłuszczowej w procentach wydzielono 3 grupy chłopców: z niedoborem, z nadmiarem i o prawidłowej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej. Postawę ciała oceniono przy pomocy Posturometru-S, określając typ postawy ciała wg metody Wolańskiego z uwzględnieniem modyfikacji Zeyland-Malawki. Wysklepienie stóp badano podoskopem, przy zastosowaniu metody Wejsfloga. Analizując częstość występowania poszczególnych typów postawy ciała można stwierdzić, że najwięcej sylwetek kifotycznych zaobserwowano u chłopców o prawidłowej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej. Postawy równoważne dotyczyły w większym stopniu badanych z niedoborem, a postawy lordotyczne z nadmiarem tkanki tłuszczowej. Boczne skrzywienie kręgosłupa najczęściej stwierdzano u chłopców o niskim otłuszczeniu, natomiast płaskostopie u badanych o dużej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej.

7

Interrelationships Among Motor Coordination, Body Fat Percentage, and Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls

75%

Chagas D. d. V. , Batista L. A.

Human Movement

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2015

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tom 16

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nr 1

4-8

EN

Purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze the interrelationships among motor coordination, body fat percentage, and physical activity levels in adolescent girls. Methods. Sixty-eight girls aged 12-14 years participated in the study. Skinfold thickness was measured and the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder test was administered. Participants completed a self-reporting questionnaire on physical activity. Bivariate and partial correlations were used to analyze the interrelationships among the selected variables. Results. There were no significant (p > 0.05) correlations between any motor coordination scores and physical activity levels with and without controlling for body fat percentage. All motor coordination scores were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with body fat with and without controlling for physical activity levels. Conclusions. The relationships between motor coordination scores and physical activity levels, as well as between motor coordination scores and body fat percentage, were not influenced by body fat and physical activity levels, respectively. However, the overall low physical activity level in this sample may have biased these results. Additional research involving girls with higher physical activity levels should be pursued.

8

Prevalence of body shape concerns and associated factors among brazilian early adolescents

75%

Martins C. R. , Carraça E. , Teixeira P. J. , Silva A. M. , Petroski E. L. P.

Human Movement

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2014

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tom 15

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nr 1

12-20

EN

Purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of body shape concerns and associated factors among Brazilian early adolescents. Methods. This was a school-based cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted with 526 girls between 11 and 14 years enrolled in thirteen public schools in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The Body Shape Questionnaire and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) was administered. Sociodemographic variables (age group, household head education, and socioeconomic status), sexual maturation (pubic hair growth, breast development, and menarche) and percentage of body fat (%BF) were collected. Analyses were conducted using Poisson regression and a confidence level of 95%. Results. The prevalence of body shape concerns was 24.1% (95% confidence interval - CI: 17.5-30.7). Adolescent girls aged 13-14 years (prevalence ratio - PR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03-1.11; p = 0.02), with very high (PR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.21-1.90; p = 0.004) and high %BF (PR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.18-1.32; p = 0.004), and those girls showing risk behaviors for anorexia and bulimia (PR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.19-1.59; p = 0.01) were more concerned with their body image. Conclusions. The prevalence of body shape concerns among Brazilian girls was considerable and was associated with age, %BF, and risk behaviors for anorexia and bulimia. This study highlights the importance of screening for body image concerns in schools, preventing the adoption of unhealthy body weight ideals, and the development of excessive body shape concerns in this population.

9

Rozwój otłuszczenia ciała u dzieci i młodzieży z Rzeszowa oraz jego zmienność na przestrzeni 35 lat

63%

Perenc L. , Radochońska A. , Błajda J.

Medical Review

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2016

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nr 1

27-47

PL

Wstęp. Pozytywnym miernikiem stanu zdrowia jest stopień i rodzaj otłuszczenia ciała. Cel badań. Ocena rozwoju otłuszczenia dzieci i młodzieży, obojga płci, z Rzeszowa, w wieku od 4 do 18 lat oraz jego zmiany w przeciągu ostatnich 35 lat. Materiał i metody. W latach 2013/2014 przebadano łącznie 1563 dzieci z Rzeszowa. Zmierzono grubość trzech fałdów tłuszczowych: nad mięśniem trójgłowym ramienia, w okolicy pępka, pod łopatką, obliczono całkowite otłuszczenie ciała. Dane poddano analizie statystycznej. Porównano do danych zgromadzonych w poprzednich latach: 1978/79, 1993/1994, 2003/2004. Wyniki. Do wieku wczesnoszkolnego przyrosty fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych są stabilne. W wieku od 11–12 lat u obojga płci stwierdzono, statystycznie znamienny, większy przyrost fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych nad mięśniem trójgłowym ramienia oraz globalnego otłuszczenia ciała. U chłopców w tym przedziale wiekowym zjawisko to dotyczy fałdu w okolicy pępka, a u dziewcząt podłopatkowego. Od 14 do 15 roku życia u chłopców obserwuje się przyspieszony rozwój fałdu podłopatkowego, a u dziewcząt w okolicy pępka. Obok przyrostów otłuszczenia stwierdzono jego spadki. W okresie pokwitania wartości odchylenia standardowego są najwyższe. Analiza porównawcza wykazała, że w przedziale czasowym 1978/79-2013/14 u chłopców i dziewcząt tendencja wzrostowa otłuszczenia utrzymuje się w przypadku wszystkich zmierzonych fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych. U obu płci w okresie analizowanego 35-lecia utrzymuje się wzrost całkowitego otłuszczenia ciała, natomiast w okresie ostatniego 10-lecia ulega wyhamowaniu. Wnioski. 1. Rozwój otłuszczenia u dzieci i młodzieży z Rzeszowa charakteryzuje się zróżnicowaniem międzypłciowym, dużą zmiennością w okresie pokwitania. 2. W rozwoju otłuszczenia do wieku wczesnoszkolnego obserwowane są stopniowe jego przyrosty, a następnie, nie tylko znamiennie statystycznie przyrosty, ale również spadki (wahania otłuszczenia). 3. Można stwierdzić, że u obu płci w okresie analizowanego 35-lecia utrzymuje się akceleracja otłuszczenia ciała, chociaż w okresie ostatniego 10-lecia ulega ona wyhamowaniu.

EN

Introduction. Level and type of body adiposity is a positive measure of health condition. Purpose of the study. Assessment of development of adiposity in children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 4–18, and its changes in the period of 35 years. Material and methods. The total of 1563 children from Rzeszów were examined in 2013/2014. Measurements were carried out to examine thickness of three skinfolds: above triceps brachii muscle, in the umbilical area, and below the scapula; based on that whole body adiposity was calculated. The findings were subjected to statistical analyses. The results were compared with the data collected previously, in: 1978/79, 1993/1994, 2003/2004. Results. Up until early school age there is stable increase in the skinfold thickness. Starting with the age of 11–12 years subjects of both sexes are found with significantly higher growth in triceps skinfold thickness and greater total body adiposity. In the boys of this age group the phenomenon is observed in the umbilical skinfold, and in the girls in the subscapular skinfold. At the age from 14 to 15, the boys are found with higher rate of growth in subscapular skinfold and the girls in umbilical skinfold. Besides the growth, adiposity has also been found to decrease. During puberty standard deviations assume the highest values. Longitudinal analysis of the data for the period from 1978/79 to 2013/14 shows increasing adiposity in boys and girls and the trend is observed in all the examined skinfolds. Subjects of both genders in the relevant period of 35 years are found with continued increase in whole body adiposity, yet during the most recent decade the trend has been inhibited. Conclusions. 1. Development of adiposity in children and adolescents from Rzeszow differs between the sexes, and is highly variable during puberty. 2. Up until early school age development of adiposity tends to be gradual, and then it is found not only to significantly increase but also to decrease (adiposity fluctuation). 3. It can be concluded that during the relevant period of 35 years body adiposity in both sexes tends to accelerate, yet during the most recent decade the trend has been inhibited.