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Conflicts over the Language of Additional Service in the Samogitian (Telšiai) Diocese: The Cases of Zarasai and Čekiškės Parishes

100%

Katilius A.

nr 2

225-248

Conflict situations unfolded mostly in the so-called mixed parishes inhabited by parishioners of Lithuanian and Polish. The article discusses different situations in two parishes of the Samogitian (Telšiai) Diocese. In one of them, Zarasai parish, it was the Lithuanian parishioners who demanded their rights, while in the other, Čekiškė parish, it was the Polish believers. In Zarasai parish, the Polish believers conflicted mainly about the time scheduled for the sermons in Lithuanian or Polish. At the bishop’s instruction, the time for the Lithuanian sermon was set before the Holy Mass, because the Lithuanian-speaking parishioners lived mainly in the villages outside the town and usually it took them long to travel to the church. Meanwhile, the Polish sermon was preached after the mass, because the Polish-speaking parishioners were townspeople, and the church was closer to them. The main tool in the struggle of the Polish parishioners was the singing of hymns when the Lithuanian sermon was preached, thus attempting to disrupt it. The Poles were dissatisfied with the parish priest Rev. Juozapas Liasauskis for following the bishop’s instruction to the letter and wanted him to be removed from Zarasai parish. Yet the conflict in Zarasai parish did not escalate to acrimony or bloodshed in the church. Until 1909, the language of the additional services and sermons in the parish of Čekiškė was Lithuanian. However, the Polish-speaking parishioners, mostly the nobles, thought that a sermon in Polish should be preached in their parish church. The most important criterion for introducing Polish sermons was statistical, that is, the number of parishioners who wanted sermons in Polish. A survey of parishioners was carried out, during which they were asked in which language the sermons should be delivered. In this survey, 986 people signed up as Polish and over 3000 as Lithuanian. In view of this, Bishop Gasparas Cirtautas introduced sermons and hymns in Polish on every fourth Sunday and on feasts in the parish of Čekiškė.

WSPÓŁCZESNE ZAGADNIENIA EKONOMIKI USŁUG TELEKOMUNIKACYJNYCH

86%

Kaczmarczyk P.

tom 19

This article aims to draw up a summary of effects of literature studies in the field of substance, classification and characteristics of telecommunications services. Thus, the article includes definitions of telecommunication, services, and in consequence also the definition of telecommunications services. Analysis of the definition also includes art. 2 of the Act of 16 July 2004 on Telecommunication Law. In article is presented the role of telecommunications services, classification of telecommunications services in terms ofvarious criteria (subject of the service, characteristics perceived by subscriber, user of the service, kind of telecommunications network) and other aspects of the economics of these services.

Zafornirowane plyty wloskie sa przyciete na wymiar i wstepnie nawiercone

44%

W K.

nr 3

225-226