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Application of high calorific mixtures in reverse batteries

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Wachowski L. , Czajka B.

2010

tom T. 2

68--74

Chemical sources of energy, operating effectively within a wide range of temperatures, not prone to self-discharging during a long period of storage in varying environmental conditions, featuring a very short activation time and differing in construction from the commercially available energy sources, are called reserve batteries. Following the way of activation, there are the following battery types: water-activated, electrolyteactivated, gas-activated and heat-activated batteries. At the ambient temperature below zero, some of the types included in the first three groups require thermal activation, particularly in the initial period of operation. Thermally activated batteries supply the useful energy only when the temperature of their cells exceeds 350 ºC. The activating agent for batteries is usually a high calorific mixture: Zr/BaCrO4 or Fe/KClO4. It is being reported that physical and chemical properties of this mixture ingredients determine the basic operational parameters of the battery, such as activation time, amount of thermal energy being released, volume of the emitted gases, linear burning rate and ignition sensitivity. Moreover, some of the operational parameters mentioned above can be altered by external factors affecting thermal batteries during a long period of storage. Modification of a particular ingredient of a high calorific mixture (for example, Fe powder and/or KClO4) resulting from introducing an activator into the latter leads to significant improvement of the efficiency of operation of the thermally activated floating battery. State-of-the-art designs of thermally activated batteries are presented in the paper.