Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Zamek Królewski w świadomości narodowej

100%

Gieysztor A.

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1987

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nr 1-2

5-7

EN

In the national consciousness the Royal Castle in Warsaw evokes a univocal association with the history of the Polish State, with its splendours and miseries in the past centuries and its rebirth after the 2nd World War. For many centuries it was the witness of historic events, a symbol of national unity and state independence. Now, enriched with new values, the Castle expresses the unity of feelings, beliefs and endeavours of the Poles. It became the symbol hewn anew in the old material of patriotic emotions and the sense of national identity, affecting the contemporaries through its history that embodies the history of the nation.

2

ASP w Krakowie na rzecz odbudowy Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie

100%

Medwecka Z.

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nr 2

147

3

Konserwacja kobierców w Pracowni Konserwacji Tkanin Zamku Królewskiego

100%

Załuska-Dąbrowska E.

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1988

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nr 1

56-58

EN

According to the author, a technique of faithful reconstruction of warp, wefts and knots, widely employed in the conservation of carpets, is not devoid of flaws such as distending and damaging of wefts and knots caused by a deep piercing of a needle, not always recommended use of cloth for doubling et.c. The Atelier of Textile Conservation in the Royal Castle has worked out a method of protective conservation with partial reconstruction with the use of chiffon, natural silk or bolting cloth as a doubling fabric. After preliminary routine treatment, carpets are protected with a shallowly introduced warp and a technique of the laid thread instead of wefts; knots are reconstructed by tieing them through a doubling fabric. This technique interferes with the historic substance to a small degree only; it reinforces the object and thanks to the doubling fabric, reconstructed places are more clearly marked on the reverse, which protects them against mistakes in case of studies of the object made by art historians.

4

Rozwiązania techniczne w Zamku Królewskim

88%

Ciosmak J.

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1987

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nr 1-2

102-108

EN

The Royal Castle in Warsaw, rebuilt in its historic form, has been equipped with the most modern technical facilities. All facilities and fittings in historic interiors have been installed undiscernibly and concealed to the utmost degree so not to impair a historic decor of the interiors. Engineering control rooms have been situated at two levels of the Castle: — the attic houses air-conditioning equipment with a central control and dispatch system for "Light and Sound", social facilities for workers including a canteen; — the basement houses heating and cooling machinery, ventilating rooms, telephone exchange; — part of the Wielki (i.e. Great) Courtyard has been provided with cellars in order to secure a horizontal distribution of installations. The Castle has been equipped with a double system of power, heating and water supply to ensure continuous operation. 102 historic rooms have been provided with full air-conditioning and maintain constant parameters of air (humidity — 60% and temperature - 20%); at the same time this system functions as air heating. The electro-acoustic switchboard with cabling at 4 levels has been installed, which makes possible a two-way operation with almost every room. In order to enrich the artistic effect of the Castle it has been planned to hold "Light and Sound" spectacles as well as historic shows in the Castle’s courtyard. The cinema and lecture room, housing seats for 100, offers possibilities for the demonstration of films recorded on 35 mm and 16 mm wide tape, slide projection, recording of events as well as stereophonic reproduction of music. The Castle has also been equipped with antiburglary and fire protection systems. Altogether nearly thirty different installations have been put in there. The majority of the systems work faultlessly, which allows for an efficient operation of the Royal Castle. Still, some of the systems have not as yet been completed and they include: — industrial TV system — interpreters’ system — wireless information for visitors — heating of gutters — in-coming electronic system for the structure’s protection.

5

PROFESOR MAREK KWIATKOWSKI (1930–2016)

88%

Zielniewicz T.

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tom 57

245-248

EN

Prof. Marek Kwiatkowski, born on 25 April 1930 in Caen in France, passed away on 10 August 2016 in Warsaw. He was a historian of art, a museum professional, a historian of Warsaw, the author of a dozen books, an academic lecturer and an outstanding expert in architecture from the Stanisław August period. From 1995 he held the post of Director of the Royal Łazienki Museum. He devoted 48 years of his life to this magnificent historical palace and garden complex founded in the 18th century. For his numerous services to the field of culture, art and tradition he was awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of the Capital City of Warsaw as well as Honorary Citizen of the Węgrów District. He was also awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta, the Gold Cross of Merit, the Order of St. Stanislaus, the Order of St. Prince Lazar and the Order of the Smile. In 2005 he was also decorated with the Gloria Artis Gold Medal for Services to Culture.

PL

Prof. Marek Kwiatkowski urodził się 25 kwietnia 1930 r. w Caen we Francji, zmarł 10 sierpnia 2016 r. w Warszawie. Był historykiem sztuki, muzealnikiem, varsavianistą, autorem kilkudziesięciu książek, nauczycielem akademickim oraz wybitnym znawcą architektury z czasów króla Stanisława Augusta. Od 1995 r. pełnił funkcję dyrektora Muzeum Łazienki Królewskie. Temu historycznemu, wspaniałemu zespołowi pałacowo-ogrodowemu założonemu w XVIII w. przez Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego poświęcił w sumie 48 lat swojego życia, dając z siebie w pracy wszystko. Za swoje liczne zasługi w zakresie kultury, sztuki i tradycji otrzymał tytuł Honorowego Obywatela m.st. Warszawy, a także Honorowego Obywatela Powiatu Węgrowa. Przyznano mu również Krzyż Komandorski Odrodzenia Polski, Złoty Krzyż Zasługi, Order św. Stanisława, Order św. Łazarza i Order Uśmiechu, zaś w 2005 r. został odznaczony Złotym Medalem Zasłużony Kulturze Gloria Artis.

6

ALEKSANDER GIEYSZTOR – PIERWSZY DYREKTOR ZAMKU KRÓLEWSKIEGO W WARSZAWIE

88%

Mrozowski P.

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tom 61

181-191

PL

Aleksander Gieysztor (1916–1999) był bez wątpienia jednym z najwybitniejszych przedstawicieli humanistyki polskiej XX wieku. Uważał się za historyka, a jego podstawowym miejscem pracy był Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, zaś zainteresowania badawcze koncentrowały się wokół zagadnień kultury średniowiecznej. Muzealnikiem stał się, trochę wbrew własnej woli, w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach swojej aktywności zawodowej, obejmując w 1980 r. stanowisko dyrektora odbudowanego Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie. Choć uważał się za historyka, Gieysztor był dobrze przygotowany do pełnienia tej funkcji, zawsze bowiem darzył wielkim zainteresowaniem źródła artystyczne, równie dlań ważne i czytelne jak narracja dziejopisa, akt prawny, czy zapiska kronikarska. Dał tym zainteresowaniom wyraz w licznych publikacjach, a także tworząc program i kierując w latach 1948–1955 pracami Zespołu Badań nad Początkami Państwa Polskiego. Zamek warszawski – ze względu na doniosłą rolę historyczną i symboliczną – zajął szczególne miejsce w działalności Gieysztora. Od samego początku wspierał on Stanisława Lorentza w staraniach o odbudowę Zamku, zaniechaną przez komunistyczne władze Polski. W 1971 r. został członkiem Obywatelskiego Komitetu Odbudowy Zamku, w którym kierował Komisją Archeologiczno-Historyczną. Od 1973 r. wszedł w skład zarządu tzw. Kuratorium Zamkowego – zespołu pełniącego kolegialnie funkcje dyrekcji. Wrażliwość estetyczna i erudycja artystyczna, a także głęboka znajomość kultury staropolskiej pozwoliły Gieysztorowi znakomicie odnaleźć się w gronie uczonych decydujących o kształcie i programie edukacyjnym odbudowywanego Zamku. Potem zaś – już samodzielnie – spełniać się w roli dyrektora kierującego jego urządzaniem. Była to – jak sam przyznawał – największa jego przygoda intelektualna w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach działalności naukowej. Traktował ją jako swą powinność – służbę wobec społeczeństwa złaknionego symboli kształtujących tożsamość historyczną.

7

Zapomniany bohater - Jan Morawiński (1907–1949)

88%

Olkowski R.

Muzealnictwo

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2021

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nr 62

260-271

PL

Notatki kustosza Muzeum Narodowego opublikowane w 1970 r. w drugim tomie książki Walka o dobra kultury, to jedyne ogólnodostępne świadectwo ratowania zabytków wilanowskich przez Jana Morawińskiego, zapomnianego bohatera z czasów II wojny światowej. Bezcenne ze względu na udokumentowanie przez Morawińskiego grabieży 137 obrazów należących do przedwojennej kolekcji Branickich w Wilanowie. Wspomniane Notatki zostały opublikowane przez Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy na podstawie rękopisu istniejącego w domowym archiwum córki ich autora, Agnieszki Morawińskiej. Sprawiają jednak wrażenie kartek wyrwanych z notatnika, w którym brakuje wcześniejszego rozdziału. Rozdział ten istnieje, ale z niewyjaśnionych przyczyn został pominięty w dwutomowym dziele pod redakcją prof. Stanisława Lorentza pt. Walka o dobra kultury. Warszawa 1939–1945. Niniejszy artykuł opiera się na rękopiśmiennym świadectwie Morawińskiego, popartym archiwalnymi źródłami i wspomnieniami kolegów z Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie (MNW). Jan Morawiński od sierpnia 1939 r. do sierpnia 1944 r. ratował, wraz z innymi, bezcenne muzealia w gmachu muzeum, a także na terenie stolicy. Pakował zabytki do skrzyń, by przetrwały najcięższy okres i z narażeniem życia gasił pożary budynku muzeum. Ratował zbiory Zamku Królewskiego w czasie najcięższego bombardowania Warszawy, przewożąc je do magazynów w Alejach Jerozolimskich. Za swoje poświęcenie otrzymał z rąk gen. Juliusza Rómmla krzyż Virtuti Militari V klasy. Po kapitulacji Warszawy został mianowany kierownikiem magazynów i inwentarzy MNW – w czasie nieobecności dyrektora Lorentza był jego zastępcą. W pierwszym okresie okupacji odważnie stawiał czoła niemieckim urzędnikom. Kierował tajną akcją inwentaryzacji i dokumentacji zniszczeń i rabunków niemieckich. Wiedza zgromadzona w ten sposób była niezwykle pomocna w restytucji zagrabionych zabytków, nie tylko muzealnych. Brał także udział w dokumentowaniu zniszczeń Zamku Królewskiego. Schwytany przez Niemców, przeszedł przez Gestapo w więzieniu przy ul. Daniłowiczowskiej w Warszawie. W późniejszym czasie został kierownikiem Muzeum Dawnej Warszawy na Starym Mieście, a równolegle był także opiekunem zbiorów wilanowskich. Po upadku powstania warszawskiego brał udział w tzw. akcji pruszkowskiej, podczas której został ciężko ranny.

8

Dokumentacja konserwatorska prac prowadzonych przez Pracownię Konserwacji Dzieł Sztuki PKZ

75%

Krakowska-Pilch E.

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1987

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nr 1-2

137-140

EN

In December 1972 the Workshop for the Conservation of Works of Art was brought to life in a newly created branch office of the Atelier for the Conservation of Cultural Property, called the Main Office fo r the Reconstruction of the Royal Castle. Its task was the conservation of preserved elements of original decorations and the reconstruction of the interiors of 17 historic rooms. To this aim specialized teams were formed such as conservators of works of art, modellers, wood carvers and gilders. All, the preserved e le ments of the decor of the interiors, coming to ca 2,000 details, were passed by the National Museum in Warsaw to this Workshop as the main constructor. A wide variety of types of work, the number of o rigina l stucco, wood-carving and carpenter's elements which were to return to their original place required a specific a p proach to the entire problem as well as the drawing of a new model of conservation documentation. Because of the fact that each room represents a compact and homogenous set of decoration, it was decided to work out comprehensive documentation for indiv id u a l rooms. One set of the documentation contained information on the course of all works carried out by the Workshop fo r the Conservation of Works of Art. Treating the decor of the interior as one structure the information included contained data concerning authors, time and execution, authors of the reconstruction design, number of design documentation, general dimensions of the interior, its iconographie description and a short historic outline prepared by the Scientific and H i storic Documentation Department of the Castle’s branch office. Other data concerning technological construction, condition, causes of decay, programme and course of decay, programme and course of work were particularly expanded and they comprised all elements of the decor. The described details were presented in a uniform order: ceiling decorations, bed-moulding and cornices, wall decorations, wood-work. A uniform arrangement was also adopted in presenting the work done: conservation of preserved elements of stucco work, models of architectonic decorations, model of sculptor's decorations, conservation of original ele ments of wood carving, models for decorations in wood, reconstruction of elements carved in wood, conservation of old carpentry elements. The course of the works was w e ll- illu s tra te d with photographs showing the condition of de tails prior to, during and a fter conservation, models made, reconstructed wood-carved elements, gildings. Each documentation was provided with a location plan — projection of the 1st flo o r of the Royal Castle, pointing out the object discussed as well as a choice of the reproductions of archival photos. Attached were also photographs of the interiors th a t depicted the condition a fter reconstruction. Pictures of walls and projection of the ceiling, put on micro- filmed d ra ft drawings, show g raphically and descriptively the location of in -b u ilt original details of the decor. Copies of commissional agreements on idividual conservation and reconstruction problems, results of laboratory studies as well as extracts from the minutes of the meeting of the A rchitectonic and Conservation Commission on the agreements and the acceptance of individual stages of work as well a" the entire interiors have been added as enclosures. Documentation includes also conservation drawings in the scale of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:5 of o rigina lly preserved elements of the decor, depicting the condition, conservation and reconstruction work. Altogether 32 sets of conservation documents have been prepared, compiled into one volume, just as is the case with "O ffice rs ' Room" or eleven volumes in the case of "The Throne Room” or "The Room of the Knights". Individual documentations have 10 to 80 pages and 2 to 200 photographs. In order to accelerate the rate of work the team of reg istrars was assigned the task of a coordinator of the entire work carried out in the Workshop, inc lu d in g : — the analysis of the condition of the preserved rescued d e tails ; transportation from the place of storing and to ensure proper climatic conditions; — id e n tifica tio n and location of the elements based on the analysis of the available iconographie material, — preparing the lists (with regard to the quantity and q u ality) of missing element , — transfer of all material to idividual teams of specialists, — reg u la r supervision of the work done, — carrying out a descriptional and functional registration of successive stages of work and location of original elements, — preparing conservation documentation. The scale of the problem can be illustrated by the following d a ta : altogether 1,988 details of the decor of the interior of the Royal Castle were covered by conservation. Out of this number, 1,048 details were identified and situationed. 988 of them, corresponding to the adopted architectonic and conservation concept, were b u ilt into the present in teriors. The remaining elements coming from unaccentuated stages of reconstruction of interiors were given back to the management of the Royal Castle in Warsaw.

9

Problematyka dokumentacji powykonawczej

75%

Łotysz A.

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1987

|

nr 1-2

140-143

EN

Twelve years of the restitution of the Royal Castle in W a rsaw gave birth to ample documentation on build in g and conservation wotk, compiled into 95 volumes of 1,000 pages and nearly 2,500 photographs th a t represent a chronological record of all activities associated with the reconstruction of this structure. Because of an unorderly arrangement of the content of the work resulting from a s traight reg istration of successive operations it is really d iffic u lt to get from it any information. In order to eliminate this shortcoming it has been found necessary to add post-execution conservation d ocumentation which w ill present in a well-arranged form a course of research, scientific, design and executional work carried out fo r 25 rooms and the elevation of the Castle. The firs t volume of this documentation, covering the Canaletto Room, has already been prepared and a fter its approval it will become a standard example fo r future works.

10

Organizacja i historia odbudowy Zamku Królewskiego

75%

Polak T.

|

1987

|

nr 1-2

49-54

EN

The artic le of director general of the main executor of works presents stages of their realization and principles of organization. Once the State Ateliers fo r the Conservation of Cultural Property (the PKZ) had been assigned that role the work was initiated immediately. Already in January 1971 a design office referred to as the Castle office was rea c tivated, with Jan Bogusławski as general designer. On April 15, 1971 Castle's Department of the PKZ was brought to life, giving thus the beginning to a branch office. Demolition and archaeological works as well as expert appraisements were undertaken. On November 30 the Architectonic and Conservation Commission of the Civic Committee for the Reconstruction of the Royal Castle approved a d ra ft architectonic plan. Thanks to the transfer of rights onto the Commission it could approve plans, executed then d irectly by the constructors. The principle of a simultaneous execution of studies, designing and realization works was employed from the very beginning. Only in that way it was possible to obtain the expected results. A p a rt from Castle’s Department of the PKZ teams from other branch offices (14 altogether) were included into the project as well as 28 specialized enterprises from a ll over the country. A lre ady at the outset of the works a big number of volunteers engaged themselves with simple jobs. Many producers d e livered constructional materials on a free of charge basis. Along with the progress of works new workshops were opened in the Castle branch office. Of importance was also the employing of new workers to be trained in disappearing professions such as stucco workers, gilders, tilers et.c. Thanks to them teams of rare craftsmen got developed; they stayed with the enterpise even after the completion of works at the Castle. Afte r consigning the mass of the building in a raw state on July 22, 1974. finishing works were commenced; after July 22, 1978 works were undertaken to accomplish technical outfit. The inside of the Castle was divided into several regions and its technical acceptance was done in stages to avoid the acceptance of the whole building. Owing to this it was possible to start furnishing with elements of wall tapestries, lighting equipment et.c. A special attention was paid to the workers, who got provided with good social amenities and were offered extensive training. Once the major part of the Castle was handed over to the management of the Museum, the institution o f the branch office referred to as "th e Castle" was dissolved and its employees joined W a rsaw’s office. The intensive, often strenous, work on the restitution of the Castle offered the possibility to gain much experience on a very broad scale. It also consolidated groups of professional workers at a unique project, a p atriotic nature of which is beyond any doubt. Still, first and foremost, the Royal Castle g o t restored according to the will of the Poles.

11

PIĄTKI KONSERWATORSKIE NA ZAMKU KRÓLEWSKIM W WARSZAWIE

63%

Szulińska M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2007

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nr 3

13-15

EN

Aseries of meetings held as part of Conservation Fridays at the Royal Castle in Warsaw has taken place for the second time. The motto of the new edition was “Cultural heritage as an opportunity for the development of the region – the protection and promotion of the monuments of Mazovia”. The selection of problems took into consideration the presentation of successfully realised projects and a promotion of interesting initiatives, which for assorted reasons have not been implemented. The intention of the organisers was to initiate a discussion on the role of the self-government in the protection of historical monuments and associated local spatial policy as well as possibilities for the solution of local problems and trends of pertinent cooperation. Conservation Fridays at the Royal Castle in Warsaw demonstrate the significant role performed in the protection of historical monuments by a fully conscious and sensible policy of the communes; the same holds true for the creation of a positive social attitude. The titular events also prove the relevance of extensive and sincere debates that render their participants aware of heretofore neglected opportunities for the progress of the voivodeship of Mazovia.

12

Zbiory Tomasza Niewodniczańskiego. Kolekcja rękopisów

63%

Grabowski J.

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tom 119

262-286

EN

Tomasz Niewodniczański (1933–2010) was a nuclear physicist and entrepreneur, as well as the owner of one of the largest and most valuable collections of Polish memorabilia after World War II. Tomasz Niewodniczański’s collection consists of two parts. The first part comprises maps, and the second part consists of archival materials. In 2009, Niewodniczański made his collection available indefinitely to the Royal Castle in Warsaw. The collection includes parchment and paper documents (14th–19th century), manuscripts and autographs of prominent politicians and artists (approx. 4,700 items), old prints (approx. 1,000 items), books with dedications by writers and poets, bookplates, medals, antique coins, treasury notes and bonds. Cartographic materials constitute a major part of the collection. The nearly 3,000 items include pocket and wall maps depicting primarily the lands of the First Republic (approx. 2500 items), old atlases (40 volumes) and old vistas of Polish cities (approx. 150 prints).

13

Specyfika zadań inwestorskich przy odbudowie Zamku Królewskiego

63%

Bigoszewski J.

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1987

|

nr 1-2

95-101

EN

From March 1971 the function of the investor in the reconstruction of the Royal Castle in Warsaw has been played by the Main Office fo r the Development of the City of W a rsaw - the East (the DRM). This organization has already some experience in the reconstruction of historic structures. It ran the reconstruction of Warsaw tenement houses at Bednarska, Krakowskie Przedmieście and in the Old and New Town. The first investment tasks were executed without any change in organizational structures of the DRM Warsaw — the East. Only afte r the completion of the Castle in the raw state an organizational team consisting of 20-22 persons was brought to life. The duties of the team comprised the following tasks: preparation of documentation, technical supervision of the execution and social campaigns, analysis of costs and the settlement of the work. The reconstruction of the Castle was commenced on September 17, 1971. The date fo r the completion of the building in the raw state was fixed by the Civic Committee fo r the Reconstruction of the Royal Castle fo r the end of 1973, but following working consultations with the p a rticipation of the general constructor (i.e. the State Ateliers fo r the Conservation of Monuments) the date was postponed until July 22, 1974 and was kept. In 1977 the first element of the Castle was installed. In the next year administration and social parts in the 2nd flo o r of the Saxon and north wing were given to use. In 1980 the remaining administration rooms in the groundfloor of the west and north wings were completed. From 1981 individual groups of historic rooms were delivered. In 1984 a ceremony of handing over the structure to its user, i.e. the management of the Royal Castle, was held. When pursuing such a difficult goal as the restitution of the Castle, the tasks of the investor were enormous. His role began with the preparation of design documentation which was drawn by stages and simultaneously with the work being done. Technical data of the preliminary plan were as follows: the cubage — 144,580 m3, surface area — 21,680 m2. In the period of one year the investor had to conclude 10—15 contracts for the documentation. The principles of calculations and costs of the work were agreed with the executor, because the then existing pricelists did not cover all kinds of work. Apart from the organization, supervision and acceptance of the construction work, the investor dealt also with the reconstruction of mobile furnishings in the interiors. In order to furnish the interiors of the Castle the following elements were reconstructed: 13 kinds of textiles, 140 frames for paintings, 544 pieces of furniture, 76 wall applied ornaments, 54 chandeliers, 38 pedestals. The work on the reconstruction of the interior equipment has not been yet completed. It wals also the task of the investor to purchase installations and materials. The reconstruction of the Castle is not yet finished. At present, build'ng and construction work in the Ball Room is under way. It is still necessary to install inside and outside special equipment, to reconstruct historic equipment, to complete the Saxon elevation with an upper terrace from the Vistula’s side, to mould the escarp and to plant castle gardens.

14

FUNKCJE TURYSTYCZNE ZAMKÓW MAZOWSZA

51%

Pawlikowska-Piechotka A.

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nr 1-2

128-142

EN

In comparison to other architectural monuments, historical castles attract both overseas and domestic tourists. The prime problem involves catering to the needs of the visitors without destroying the character of the unique historical environment. As tourism continues to progress, the solution of this dilemma becomes ever more crucial in the case of historical castles. The majority of Mazovian castles fulfils the function of a museum or a gallery, a state of things which, apparently, is welcome both from the point of view of the need to protect historic monuments and the development of sustainable tourism (sightseeing conceived as an educational activity, and cultural tourism, which involves concerts, theatre performances, competitions, and festivals). Some castles also play the role of the cultural centres of local communities, thus becoming an important landmark. It should also be stressed that select castles, particularly those located beyond popular tourist routes, still enjoy a chance to become interesting and significant centres which could influence the cultural life of local communities and implement education programmes pertaining to the tradition and history of a given region (with emphasis on local identity). Such a proposal of new forms of cultural life (thanks to the initiative of the local authorities as well as the castles' administrators) would simultaneously offer an opportunity to promote the region and develop sustainable forms of tourism (sightseeing and cultural tourism). Key words: historical environment values; cultural heritage protection; sustainable tourism development; educational and historical space; proecological forms of tourism.