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Jak kosmologia tłumaczy powstanie pierwiastków chemicznych?

100%

Ilczyszyn M.

tom [Z] 52, 7-8

512-527

Cosmology is presented as a branch of science dealing with the Universe. The most important achievement in this field is the Big Bang theory accounting for the formation of the Universe by an explosion 10-25 billion years ego. This event was followed by different processes schematically divided into 'Planc', 'handron', 'lepton', 'radiation|' and 'galaxy' era (Tab. 1). Universal abundance of elements is presented as a relation between logarithm of the elements (or isobars) abundance in the solar system and the atomic (or mass) numbers (Figs 1 and 2). These relations are treated as records of the Universe evolution. Four groups of the nucleosynthesis are presented according to this idea (Tab.2):(1) primary reactions at the beginning of the Universe; (2) 'burning' of light elements inside stars; (3) neutron capture inside stars; (4) photonuclear reactions inside strongly heated-up stars, natural disintegration of heavy elements inside and outside the stars, breaking of heavy elements in the interstellar space. Light chemical elements - from hydrogen to lithium - were created during the first minutes after the Big Bang by primary nucleosynthesis processes (reactions 1-7). This mechanism is responsible for very high abundance of hydrogen (~90% of all atoms in the Universe) and helium (~9%). Heavy elements are produced up to now inside stars. Special attention is paid to description of different stages and ways of star evolution (Fig. 3) and to relations of this processes to the nucleosynthesis inside stars (reactions 8-38). These processes strongly depend on the beginning mass of the star. Stars similar to the Sun are responsible for formation of carbon and oxygen only. In the bigger ones the elements up to the iron group can be formed. In the case of the largest ones supernova phenomenon is possible: the star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, collapses into a superdense state, and explodes with a final burst of enormous energy. This is responsible for reactions from the group (4).

O czasie i zegarach. Część II

80%

Dobrogowski A.

tom nr 4

271-277

Jest to druga część artykułu, w której opisano poglądy na początek Wszechświata, przywołano ważne daty jego historii i wskazano warianty jego możliwej przyszłości. Rozważano problematykę rachuby czasu za pomocą kalendarzy i zegarów. Przedstawiono astronomiczną i atomową skalę czasu.

This is the second part of the paper, which some ideas for the origin of the Universe, the important events from its history and some variants its possible future arę discussed in. Time count using calendars and clocks is considered. Astronomical and atomie time scales arę addressed.