Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Zubożenie ludności miejskiej w Afryce Zachodniej

100%

Pawlik J. J.

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tom 12 - Problemy bogactwa i biedy we współczesnej Afryce

447-467

EN

Since about twenty years the poverty of urban population in West Africa is growing. This impoverishment is due to the draconian limitation of public expenses and persistent economic crisis. Based on the documents of DIAL (Development, Institutions and Globalization) Centre in Paris the paper demands for the causes of this situation. First, the author presents the actual situation of deficiency of food and rapid increase of prices. In that circumstances the middle-class employees (teachers, health and public agents, etc.) are enable to support their families. Main cause of this situation are the consequences of structural adjustment, i.e. the limitation of public help, reduction in salaries, mass dismissals, the devaluation of Franc CFA and the rapid increase of population. In response to constantly aggravating situation the people take second job, borrow money, and cultivate crops and vegetables. The growth of earning activities of women is one of issues of insufficiency of men's salaries. After all, facing the crisis inhabitants of African towns prove a lot of creativity and initiative.

2

Sztuka bogactwem Afryki? Wpływ rynku antykwarycznego na życie codzienne mieszkańców Afryki Zachodniej

100%

Podyma K.

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tom 12 - Problemy bogactwa i biedy we współczesnej Afryce

611-628

EN

Could art, be a part of culture, be perceived as Africa's wealth? Could art dealing become the basis for the change of status of people who reproduce it? Or is it merely a cliche, referring to the general concept of art being able to spiritually enrich people? It was the European approach to the value of an object that gave African artefacts an entirely new financial dimension. Thus, culture became interwoven with economy, with which traditionally it had very little in common. Through the growth of the antiquarian market, this co-relation has created an entirely new direction of development of the parts of culture involved and a new approach guided by the dynamics of global economy. According to these dynamics, anything could become an object of trade. In practice, demand started to dictate the scale of the reproductiveness of non-art, and its value began to grow in a disproportionate and totally random manner. Culture, a part of the economic puzzle, became entangled in a network of mutual intercultural reactions stimulated solely by demand and supply. This mutual interest shaped the changes which took place within the local cultures, and which were driven by tourism and the demands of the antiquarian market. Art, a part of culture - the most measurable and tangible one - has clearly found its place in the commercial marketplace shaped by the interests of the non-African world. The uniqueness, distinctiveness, and the aesthetic and religious aspects of African artefacts have created a base for investment, whose roots can be traced back to the times of the Cubist discovery.

3

Energy Security of West Africa: the Case of Natural Gas

100%

Zigah E.

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nr 19

91-110

FR

L’Indice de sécurité d’approvisionnement en gaz sert à évaluer la sécurité d’approvisionnement en gaz naturel de quatre pays producteurs de gaz en Afrique de l’Ouest à l’aide de cinq indicateurs: Intensité gazière, dépendance à l’égard des importations nettes de gaz, ratio de la production gazière nationale aux importations, consommation intérieure brute et risque géopolitique. Cette étude a montré que la sécurité de l’approvisionnement en gaz naturel en Afrique de l’Ouest constitue un enjeu essentiel car certains des principaux producteurs de gaz naturel de la région sont des plus exposés aux perturbations de l’approvisionnement. La plupart des pays étudiés comptent uniquement sur la production nationale pour garantir leur sécurité d’approvisionnement. Le manque de diversification des sources d’approvisionnement et l’absence de stockages de gaz naturel pour garantir la sécurité de l’approvisionnement sont les principaux déterminants de la forte vulnérabilité des producteurs de gaz naturel dans la région.

EN

The Gas Supply Security Index (GSSI) is used to assess the security of natural gas supply of four gas producing countries in West Africa using five indicators: Gas Intensity, Net Gas Import Dependency, Ratio of Domestic Gas Production to Imports, Gross Inland Consumption and Geopolitical Risk. This study identified that security of natural gas supply in West Africa is a major challenge as some of the major natural gas producers within the region are highly vulnerable to supply disruptions. Most of the countries studied rely solely on domestic production for supply security. Lack of diversification of supply source and the absence of natural gas storage facilities to safeguard the security of supply were identified as the major factors accounting for the high vulnerability among the natural gas producers within the region.

4

Osama ben Laden i al-Kaida w świadomości mieszkańców Afryki Zachodniej

100%

Buchalik L.

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tom 9 - Ugrupowania polityczne i ruchy społeczne w Afryce

275-287

EN

The author of the article put the question about the cause of the popularity of the Osama bin Laden and Al-Kaida in Africa. He wonders if Africans are susceptible to the ideas preached by Al-Kaida, would they be the supporters of the terrorists? Wearing t-shirts and hanging posters with the likeness of bin Laden shows the identification with the ideas preaching by Al-Kaida. Africans, mostly Muslims, are not discouraged that Osama bin Laden is guilty of the death of thousands of people. They emphasize in unison that he is the part of the Muslim community, „he is a Muslim the same as we are". For Africans, of very important value is the person who is strong and who protects the weakest and that is exactly how the image of Osama bin Laden is created for people. In the utterances of some people we can also find the effort to deny that Osama bin Laden could be the culprit of the attacks „that is not bin Laden who organized the assassination, he is Muslim and Koran tells us not to kill". After the WTC attack the likeness of bin Laden appeared on a mass scale in Africa. It was possible to meet it in many situations. The most obvious examples being the stickers on vehicles and t-shirts worn by people of different ages. Less visible were the watches, scarf, calendars and posters. In spite of the mass media hype that sprung up around the Osama bin Laden, he is not the most popular person in the West Africa. For example, Bob Marley or Thomas Sankara are more popular. Wearing the t-shirts or pasting the stickers showing certain symbols, images or inscriptions are some kind of declaration. It would be too great, a simplification to say that wearing the t-shirt with Obama bin Laden is likely to identify with his actions. Some people have very little concept about him, and the shirts that they are wearing are only the fashion and the popularity of the person. The inhabitants of Burkina Faso clearly emphasize that the numerous copies of the likeness of Osama bin Laden result from the fact that „here are many Muslims and bin Laden is also a Muslim, that's why they wear his t-shirts". The identification with the strong figure does not apply only to bin Laden. In the market is possible to find posters which praise the deeds of Saddam Hussein and local traditional chiefs. Osama bin Laden is also very popular in other continents so his popularity in Africa is not surprising. His popularity doesn't mean that Africans are more susceptible to support terrorism than people from the other part of the world. Nowadays, there is no evidence for the existence of the structure of Al-Kaida in the West of Africa, with the possible exception of Sierra Leone and Guinea Bissau.

5

The contribution of prof. Tadeusz Lewicki (1906–1992) to Islamic and West African studies

89%

Kościelniak K.

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tom 44

EN

Prof. Tadeusz Lewicki (the member Académie des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, Association Internationale d’Études des Civilisations Méditerranéennes, Royal Asiatic Society) was not only one of the most famous scholars of Oriental studies in Poland 20th century but also one of the top experts on the history of the Ibadites. For example, he has gathered exhaustively all the references to Ibadites and placed with a certain amount of commentary of his own (Études ibadites nord-africaines, part 1. Warsaw 1955). He has studied and published Arabic sources (mostly Ibāḍī) on the history of the Ibadites and of the Slavic peoples and cataloged eighth- and ninth-century Arab coins found on Polish territory (Arabic External Sources for the History of Africa to the South of Sahara, Wrocław 1969; Polska i kraje sąsiednie w świetle “Księgi Rogera” geografa arabskiego z XII w. al-Idrīsī’ego, parts 1–2. Warsaw, 1945–54; Źródła arabskie do dziejów słowiańszczyzny, vols. 1–2. Wrocław 1956–69). Professor Tadeusz Lewicki attempts to reconstruct also the economic base of West African society between the 10th and 16th centuries (West African Food in the Middle Ages: According to Arabic Sources, London 1974). His basic sources are 15 Arab authors, all of whom noted the diet of the countries they described.The purpose of this paper is to provide a review and critical analysis of Lewicki’s researches and answer which of his interpretations and philological speculations still have found acceptance. This paper also respect to how Lewicki supports, extends, and qualifies the previous literature on West African, Islamic and Ibadites study, and how gives directions for future research.

6

The Sopona Pandemic among the Yoruba of West Africa: Local Interpretations and Colonial Interventions

88%

Oladiti A. A. , Ajibade S. I. , Oyewale G. M.

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nr 2

249-261

EN

Smallpox, also known as (Sopona), is one of the epidemic plagues experienced among the Yoruba people of West Africa especially in Abeokuta and Lagos under colonial rule. The aim of this study is to examine the Yoruba perception of the management of smallpox infection, socio-cultural beliefs about it and the colonial interventions in the management of the disease condition in Africa. This is necessary to explain the construction of indigenous knowledge via indigenous traditional science related to the history of medicine in Nigeria under colonialism. There is paucity of data and detailed historical narratives on the local interpretations and colonial interventions of the sopona pandemic and the procedures adopted in the containment of the spread of the disease as well as the colonial response to the disease outbreak. The interconnectivity between the pandemic and colonial rule shows that the disease condition was more difficult to control than officials expected, thereby increasing the transmission rate and spreading the epidemic among the population. Over the period, large numbers of people among the natives and colonial invaders died from the disease, causing widespread fear to the colonial authorities. The colonial officials in Nigeria were not equipped to handle the outbreak, given their uncertain knowledge of its etiology and lack of vaccination or drug for its treatment in Western medical science during the colonial period. The study relied on both primary and secondary sources. Primary data included oral interviews, newspaper reports and archival materials. Secondary sources were obtained from university libraries and research institutes across Nigeria. Data were historically analysed from the outbreak of smallpox to the period modern vaccination was introduced in 20th Century. The innovativeness of this study is to articulate how local people handled and interpreted disease conditions with their socio-cultural system and beliefs in contrast to the colonial perspectives and interventions in cases of illness and health among the Yoruba people of Africa in the colonial era. It is, therefore, against this background that this study provides a historical analysis of the Sopona pandemic among the Yoruba people of West Africa in colonial times.

7

Market analysis on cocoa beans export: The case of Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire in West Africa

88%

Gyan J. K. , Bajan B.

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nr 4[66]

8

Translation as Rewriting: Cultural Theoretical Appraisal of Shakespeare’s "Macbeth" in the Ewe language of West Africa

75%

Agbozo G. E.

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tom 18

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nr 33

43-56

EN

The cultural turn in translation theory brought attention to the idea that translation is not a purely linguistic phenomenon but one that is also constrained by culture. The cultural turn considers translation as a rewriting of an original text. In this paper, I attempt to find reflections of the cultural turn in a translation into an African language. As such, the paper reads William Shakespeare’s Macbeth in the Ewe language of West Africa, Shakespeare ʄe Makbet, as rewriting. Walter Blege is the translator and the Bureau of Ghana Languages is the publisher of the target text meant for Ewe language audience in Ghana. The target text is for learning and acquiring the Ewe language especially in the area of developing reading comprehension skills. Following Andre Lefevere and Jeremy Munday, this paper suggests that Shakespeare ʄe Makbet is a rewritten text as it follows some cultural constraints in its translation. The study provides insight into the motivations for some of the translator/rewriter’s choices. Given the less attention paid to the Ewe language and many other African languages, the paper proposes translation as a socio-psychological tool for revitalizing interest in the learning and acquisition of African and other lesser-known languages.

9

Liberalisation and the regional air network configuration from Nigeria to other West African Countries

75%

Oluwakoya A. O. , Ajayi D. D.

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tom 35

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nr 4

50-63

EN

This paper examines the liberalisation and the regional air network configuration from Nigeria to other West African regions. It aims to study the impacts of liberalisation on the regional spatial structure of air networks from Nigeria to West Africa in the pre and post-liberalisation. The pre-liberalisation covers between 1988-2000, and the post-liberalisation ranges from 2001 to 2018. The methodology involves using the graph theory to calculate the route and the network topology in the pre and post-liberalisation and compare the resulting index. This hypothesis was tested using the alpha index. The alpha index analysis compares the level of connection in a pre-and post-liberalisation network via graphical depictions of each period’s route and network structure and the resulting alpha index. The pre-liberalisation alpha index for the route and network was 0.297, while the post-liberalisation alpha index was 0.334. The alpha index ranged from 0 to 1 and was the perfect network for the post‐liberalisation period. In post-liberalisation, the alpha index of the route and network are higher than in pre-liberalisation. Hence, the connection is better in post-liberalisation.

10

Natural and anthropogenic factors influencing abundance of the benthic macrofauna along the shelf and slope of the Gulf of Guinea, a large marine ecosystem off West Africa

75%

Pabis K. , Sobczyk R. , Sicinski J. , Ensrud T. , Serigstadt B.

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nr 1

11

The reasons, impacts and limitations of cybercrime policies in Anglophone West Africa: a review

75%

Abubakari Y.

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tom 1

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nr 1/2021 (21)

EN

The fast and consistent growth of cybercrime and its socio-economic consequence have received scholarly attention both within organisations, governmental bodies and researchers in academic environment. Cybercrime is well known to have widely affected the economic conditions of organisations, political economies and individuals. The main objective of this study was to systematically review and outline the current state of research on the determiners of cybercrime adaptation, consequences of cybercrime and the hindrances of cybercrime policies in Anglophone West Africa. The database search was done between 20th December 2020 and 9th January 2021. The search was done through three electronic databases, including Scopus, Sage and Google Scholar. According to the eligibility criteria, articles were included if they were written in English and addressed the issue of cybercrime in Anglophone West Africa, and either the consequence or reasons for cybercrime adaptation or the hindrances of cybercrime policies. Included articles were critically read and data was extracted for reporting. The total number of articles included in the study amounted to 24. Out of the 24 articles, 13 addressed the issues of cybercrime consequences, 6 tackled the reasons and 6 addressed the hindrances of cybercrime policies and regulations. The study revealed that cybercrime has micro-, mesoand macroeconomic impacts in West Africa. At the micro level, citizens loses both financial resourcesand international travel opportunities. E-businesses at the meso level are victimised both financially and reputationally. At the macro level, countries where cybercrime is prevalence experience a reduction in foreign investment, damage of international reputation and financial problems. The review has also shown that cybercrime perpetrators lose focus in education. The review also revealed that the reason for cybercrime adaptation is associated with economic strains and corruption at the governmental level. Lastly, hindrances of cybercrime policies circulate around corruption, government interference, ineffective implementation of cybercrime laws and inconsistencies in the content of cybercrime policies. Based on the limitations provided in the study, the present author recommends further studies to include articles in different languages. It is also recommended for future potential researchersto study how cybercrime reflects in the lives of perpetrators and their perspectives on the mitigative interventions. The author argues that to further increase the effectiveness of cybercrime mitigation process in Africa, future studies is needed to understand how cybercrime is organised in African societies.

12

Bioaccumulation of total hydrocarbon and heavy metals in body parts of the West African red mangrove crab (Goniopsis pelii) in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

63%

Numbere A. O.

International Letters of Natural Sciences

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2019

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tom 75

EN

This study is based on bioaccumulation of total hydrocarbon (THC) and heavy metals in body parts of the West African red mangrove crab (G. pelii), which inhabit polluted mangrove forests. Thirty crabs were captured in October, 2018 and sorted into male and female. Their lengths and widths were measured, and body parts dismembered and oven-dried at 70 ͦC for 48 hours. Physicochemical analysis for Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and THC was measured by spectrophotometric method using HACH DR 890 colorimeter (wavelength 420 nm) and microwave accelerated reaction system (MARS Xpress, North Carolina) respectively. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in THC and heavy metals in the body parts of crabs. However, Zinc was highest in claw (993.4±91.3 mg/l) and body tissues (32.5±1.9 mg/l), Pb was highest in carapace (34.6± 2.8 mg/l) and gill (151.9±21.6 mg/l) while THC was highest in intestine (39.5±2.9 mg/l) and gut (52.4±13.4 mg/l). The order of concentration is Zn>Pb>THC>Cd. Male crabs had slightly higher THC and heavy metal concentration than female crabs probably because of their large size. There is negative correlation between carapace area and THC concentration (R = -0.246), meaning THC decreases with increasing carapace size. Internal parts of crab had higher THC and heavy metal concentration than external parts. These results show that there is high bioaccumulation of THC and heavy metals in crab, which is above WHO/FAO standard. This implies that the crabs are unfit for human consumption. The smaller the crab the better it is for consumption in terms of bioaccumulation of pollutants.

13

Łupkowy cios dla Afryki

63%

Labuda W.

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tom R. 18, Nr 3 (203)

4--8

PL

Rewolucja łupkowa w Stanach Zjednoczonych to zjawisko, które zmienia nie tylko gospodarkę tego państwa, ale i całego świata. Wbrew pozorom jednym z regionów najbardziej dotkniętych spadkiem importu ropy naftowej do tego kraju był nie Bliski Wschód, a Afryka Zachodnia. Eksporterzy z Czarnego Lądu borykają się dziś z utratą dawnych rynków zbytu, a do tego spadkiem dochodów budżetowych, potęgowanych obniżaniem się cen surowca. Także dla Stanów Zjednoczonych zaprzestanie importu z Afryki niesie za sobą negatywne konsekwencje. W artykule zaprezentowano przyczyny tego stanu rzeczy, czyli historię afrykańskiego przemysłu naftowego, stopień uzależnienia gospodarek afrykańskich od eksportu czarnego złota do Ameryki, a także oszacowano amerykańskie „wpływy naftowe” na przestrzeni ostatnich 25 lat.

EN

The Shale Revolution in the United States is a phenomenon which changes not only economy of that country but also of the one of the World. Contrary to what is generally believed, one of the regions mostly affected by the decrease in crude oil import is not the Middle East, but West Africa. The Dark Continent oil exporters are facing today slide of budget revenues and also loss of the old markets. Sinking of oil prices makes matter even worse. In addition, even for the United States cessation of oil import from Africa brings negative consequences. The article presents the reason for these issues, that is, the history of African oil industry, the degree of African economies dependence on black gold exports to America, as well as the estimated US ‘oil geopolitical influence’ over the last 25 years.

14

Przemyt narkotyków a zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa państw Afryki Zachodniej. Casus Gwinei Bissau

63%

Mormul J.

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tom 17 - Konteksty bezpieczeństwa w Afryce. Konflikty, wojny, polityki bezpieczeństwa

96-119

EN

The image of Africa as a main drug smuggling transit point has emerged relatively recently. Almost till the 1970s it was thought that the drug problem did not apply to the African continent. But one decade was enough to change this vision and make Africa, and especially West Africa, be seen as an important transit point for drugs (mainly cocaine and heroin) produced in South America and Asia. International efforts to combat drug trafficking in West Africa have been so far unsuccessful. Moreover, since 2005 it has been observed an increase in drug smuggling operations on a large scale in this region, carried out mainly by nationals of Latin America and Europe, with use of new ‘popular' transit points located in small West African countries, such as: the Gambia, Guinea, or titular Guinea-Bissau, to which a few years ago the international press attached the label of “the first African narco-state”. The development of narco-business in Guinea-Bissau is most often associated with its state dysfunctionality problems, this article is trying to analyse the roots of this phenomenon, as well as the influence it may have on the country itself, as well as on the whole region.

15

Lengthz-weight relationship and condition factor of Coelotilapia joka (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969) in the Rokel/Seli River, West Africa

63%

Konoyima K. J. , Mansaray A. , Ndomahina E. T. , Amara E. B.

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tom 77

EN

This study was conducted in the lower, middle and upper reaches of the Rokel/Seli River, Northern Sierra Leone. There is a research gap on the growth or wellbeing of tilapia fish species in Sierra Leone. The objective of this study is to determine the length-weight relationship and condition factor of Coelotilapia joka from the main river channel. This research could contribute to promoting an agenda for fish culture practices for the fish. A total of 228 specimens of Coelotilapia joka were collected using gill nets. Fish length and weight measurements were done using fish measuring board and digital weighing balance respectively. Measurement for water quality was made using the Jemway multi-parameter water quality measuring device (Model: J970, Barloworld Scientific, United Kingdom). The values for regression coefficient “b” gave 2.5437, 2.1841 and 2.4585 for males, females and combined sex respectively, implying a negative allometric growth in the fish at (b<3.0). Similarly, a strong positive linear correlation “r” exists for male (0.947) and female (0.827) species of C. joka. Mean condition coefficient (K) was 2.113 ± 0.309 for males and 1.969± 0.359 for females. The lowest condition factor for male,1.995 and female,1.743 were recorded in March and April respectively, and the highest, 2.552 and 2.067 recorded in August. These values, however, suggest that the fish was in good condition (K>1). The difference in ‘K” for both sex is significant (p<0.05). A study for a period of one year could, however, provide a complete analysis of seasonal variations in growth and condition of the fish.

16

Cultural identity constructions within the context of the global usage of digital communication technologies

51%

Kainz M.

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tom z. 87

207--218

EN

The article is focused on the consequences of the use of new media on the cultural identity construction of the individual. There will be analyzed not only the implicated phenomena as acceleration and granularization of many spheres of life but also the rapid growth of new digital technologies in collectivistic societies. As an exemple the author gives some facts about the use of new media in the Republic of Benin, West Africa, and the inherent implications on individual and societal self-understanding and identity construction.

PL

Artykuł ten naświetla konsekwencje stosowania cyfrowych technologii komunikacji w odniesieniu do konstruowania zarówno subiektywnych, jak i obiektywnych, kulturowych tożsamości współczesnych społeczeństw. Fenomenologicznie postrzegane wpływy globalnego usieciowienia, związane z procesami przyśpieszenia lub też ze zróżnicowaniem i pokawałko-waniem wszystkich przestrzeni życiowych są tu przedmiotem analizy, obok problemów związanych ze wzrastającym znaczeniem stosowania technologii cyfrowych w krajach nowo uprzemysłowionych i rozwijających się, jak np. Republika Beninu (Afryka Zachodnia).

17

Use of mobiles and social media in West Africa and their implications for cultural identity

51%

Kainz M.

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tom z. 115

127--140

EN

The following article focusses the consequences of using new media in West Africa, especially in the Republic of Benin. The increasing number of mobile phones and smartphones entails a lot of economic, social and political changes within the African society. The way of using these technologies is characterized by creativity and different kinds of local appropriation offering inter alia new chances of development.

PL

Poniższy artykuł skupia się na konsekwencjach wykorzystania nowych mediów w regionie Afryki Zachodniej, w szczególności w Republice Beninu. Rosnąca liczba telefonów komórkowych i smartfonów przynosi szereg zmian gospodarczych, społecznych i kulturowych w społeczeństwie Afryki Zachodniej. Sposób korzystania z nich cechuje się kreatywnością i implikuje różne formy przyswajania, obejmujące między innymi nowe szanse rozwoju.