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Analysis of the usability and accessibility of websites in view of their universal design principles

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Badzio B. , Bodziak A. , Brodawka B. , Buchajczuk K. , Skublewska-Paszkowska M. , Dzieńkowski M. , Powroźnik P.

2022

tom Vol. 18, no 3

63--85

Universal design is a strategic approach for planning and designing both the products and their environment, aimed at making a given product available to the widest number of possible users. It ensures equality for all of them and the opportunity to participate in the society. This concept is also crucial in the process of designing and developing software. The research was conducted with the use of four services, three of them were implemented for the purpose of this study. Two of them took into consideration the principles of universal design, while the others did not. The aim of the study was verification of the level of usability and accessibility of services by means of three independent methods: the LUT (Lublin University of Technology) checklist, an assessment taking into account WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) standards using the automatic WAVE evaluation tool (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool) and a device allowing to track the movement of the eye while performing various tasks on websites. The websites were assessed by twenty experts in the field of creating web application interfaces, using the LUT checklist. The time to the first fixation (TTFF) that it took respondents to look at specific website elements was measured using the eye tracker device and iMotions software. All websites were checked by means of the WAVE tool to detect irregularities and non-compliance with universal design standards. The analysis performed clearly indicated that websites that follow the universal design guidelines were more useful, intuitive and accessible for users. It might be concluded that interfaces allow to find necessary information and perform desired actions in a shorter time when prepared in accordance with the principles of universal design.

The impact of applying universal design principles on the usability of online accommodation booking websites

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Kurek K. , Skublewska-Paszkowska M. , Dzienkowsk M. i. , Powroznik P.

tom Vol. 20, no 1

56--71

One of the concepts of human-computer interaction is the usability of websites, consisting of features such as efficiency, satisfaction, memorability, and learnability. Usability is particularly important in the case of websites that the user is expected to learn on their own. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the usability of user interfaces of websites and, based on this, to find how this evaluation is affected by the application of universal design principles. The objects of the study are two websites, one complying with the principles of universal design - created for the purpose of the study, and the other – an existing commercial website operating in the market, which does not follow these principles. Three hypotheses are defined: 1) effectiveness and efficiency of analyzed websites are higher for a service that followed the principles of universal design than a website that did not comply with these rules; 2) the quality of the user interface is greater for the service fulfilling the principles of universal design; 3) the satisfaction with the interaction with the interface is greater in case of websites conformed to the principles of universal design. The study uses two methods: eye tracking and questionnaires. The experiment involves 10 participants who had to perform a scenario consisting of 10 instructions that involved locating various elements in each of the tested GUI interfaces. The eye activity is recorded using a Gazepoint GP3 HD desktop eye tracker, which makes it possible to determine the effectiveness and efficiency values of using the analyzed interfaces. Each participant was also asked to fill out two questionnaires: the Lublin University of Technology one and the Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction. The study proves the truth of the hypotheses, that is, the positive impact of universal design on the usability evaluation of user interfaces.