Ancyrocephalid parasites from fishes belonging to the order Siluriformes from the Paranean-Platean ichthyogeographical province (Ringuelet 1975) of the Neotropical Region were studied. Two new genera, Paramphocleithrium gen. n. and Unibarra gen. n., are defined and four new species, Vancleaveus platensis sp. n., Cosmetocleithrum longivaginatum sp. n., Paramphocleithrium bidiverticulatum sp. n. and Unibarra paranoplatensis sp. n. are described. A key for the determination of ancyrocephalid parasites from siluriform fishes of the Amazonian and Paranean-Platean provinces is proposed. Four genera of ancyrocephalid monogeneans were exclusively found in the Paranean-Platean province (Amphocleithrium, Demidospermus, Unibarra, Paramphocleithrium), one exclusively in the Amazonian province (Unilatus) and three genera were common to both provinces (Philocorydoras, Vancleaveus, Cosmetocleithrum).
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