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POLISH AND INIVERSAL GRAMMAR

100%

Wierzbicka A.

Studies in Polish Linguistics

2004

tom 1

9-28

In a recent book entitled 'Meaning and Universal Grammar - Theory and Empirical Findings' (Goddard and Wierzbicka eds. 2002), the authoress & colleagues have tried to identify the shared core of all languages on an empirical basis, that is, by studying a number of diverse languages and identifying what they share - both in their lexicon and their grammar. This shared core of all languages, established on the basis of extensive cross-linguistic investigations, can be seen as a universal mini-language, lying at the heart of all natural languages and suitable as a metalanguage for describing and elucidating them all. They call this mini-language the 'natural semantic metalanguage' (NSM), and the theory expounded in Meaning and Universal Grammar, the NSM theory of language and cognition. In this paper, the authoress is going to discuss some of the findings of this book from the point of view of the Polish grammar and lexicon. She has chosen for this purpose three thematic areas: evaluation (GOOD and BAD), mental predicates (THINK, KNOW, WANT and FEEL) and speech (SAY, WORD(S) and TRUE). Before turning to the 'conceptual grammar' of these areas (seen through the prism of the Polish language) she has to say something about the shared 'conceptual lexicon' of all languages, as it emerges from empirical cross-linguistic investigations.

LANGUAGE AS THE MAIN TOOL IN THE SERVICE OF THE MIND

75%

Kurcz I.

Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)

2006

tom 15

15-34

The article starts from the notion of the human mind as the main topic of all branches of scientific psychology and specifies its general functions, namely, to represent the external and internal worlds and to influence and control both these worlds. Language is treated here as the best tool or medium to fulfill these functions: representational and pragmatic. A model of language knowledge as a component of the individual human mind is presented. In this model, language knowledge is composed of two competences: purely linguistic competence that fulfills the representational function, and communicative competence with its communicative (pragmatic) function. Each of these competences has its independent biological basis: Universal Grammar (UG) being a biological endowment of linguistic competence and Theory of Mind (ToM) playing the same role for communicative competence. Different genetically-based disturbances are specific for each of these competences, such as Specific Language Impairment (SLI) for language competence and autism for the communicative (pragmatic). The socio-cultural influences on the development of the two competences are realized through the acquisition of meta-linguistic and meta-pragmatic skills.