Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Trilobite faunal dynamics on the Devonian continental shelves of the Ardenne Massif and Boulonnais (France, Belgium)

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Bignon A. , Cronier C.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2015

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tom 60

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nr 4

EN

During the Devonian the sedimentation on the continental shelves of Ardenne Massif and Boulonnais has changed from a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate ramp (Eifelian), through a carbonate barrier reef (Givetian) and then to a detritic influx with local mud-mounds (Frasnian). Here we analysed the faunistic dynamics of the trilobite associations through the changing environment. We used multivariate analyses (clustering and ordering) to discriminate the trilobite associations within 67 different samples. Three previously known communities and one new were recognised: the Eifelian Mixed association, the Givetian Dechenella association and the two Frasnian Bradocryphaeus and Scutellum-Goldius associations. These trilobite faunas present a progressive ecological specialisation. The Mixed association occurs both in the ramp or carbonated (local reef developed on the ramp) facies without any significant difference in its composition. The Dechenella fauna occurs preferentially close to barrier reefs, but can also survive during short periods of detrital input. The two Frasnian communities show a strong relationship with their environment. The Scutellum-Goldius association is only found in reef systems, whereas the Bradocryphaeus flourishes exclusively in lateral facies.

2

Upper Cambrian trilobite biostratigraphy and taphonomy at Kakeled on Kinnekulle, Vastergotland, Sweden

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Terfelt F.

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2003

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tom 48

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nr 3

EN

A section through the Upper Cambrian black shales and limestones at Kakeled on Kinnekulle, Västergötland, Sweden, extends from the lower–middle part of the Agnostus pisiformis Zone into the Peltura scarabaeoides Zone. Fossils are usually preserved only in the stinkstones, but in the A. pisiformis Zone trilobites can be found also in the shales. Lithologically, the stinkstones can be subdivided into primary coquinoid limestone, which include the majority of the fossils, and early diagenetically formed limestone. The orientation of cephala and pygidia of A. pisiformis were measured on four shale surfaces and one stinkstone surface. The majority of the shields were deposited with the convex side up and showed a preferred orientation, suggesting that their positions were affected by currents. Above the A. pisiformis Zone the section comprises the Olenus/Homagnostus obesus Zone (0.30 m), the upper part of the Parabolina spinulosa Zone (0.05 m), the Peltura minor Zone (1.15 m), and the Peltura scarabaeoides Zone (2.50 m). The Leptoplastus and Protopeltura praecursor zones are missing. The Olenus/H. obesus Zone is represented only by the O. gibbosus and O. wahlenbergi subzones, whereas the O. truncatus, O. attenuatus, O. dentatus, and O. scanicus subzones are missing.

3

Phosphatised olenid trilobites and associated fauna from the Upper Cambrian of Vastergotland, Sweden

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Ahlberg P. , Szaniawski H. , Clarkson E. N. K. , Bengtson S.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 3

EN

Secondarily phosphatised olenid trilobites from organic−rich limestones (orsten) in the Furongian (Upper Cambrian) of Västergötland, south−central Sweden, are described and illustrated. All trilobites originate from the Peltura scarabaeoides Zone and were collected on the western slope of Kinnekulle. Only the dorsal exoskeletons have become secondarily phosphatised, and the ventral appendages are not preserved. Yet the material is otherwise remarkably well preserved and reveals the morphology of the olenid trilobites in greater detail than hitherto known. Species belonging to the genera Ctenopyge, Sphaerophthalmus, Parabolina, and Peltura are identified, and several juvenile specimens are present in the material. The material is disarticulated and fragmentary, and it has only been possible to identify a few specimens to species level. In addition to chaetognaths and conodonts, the trilobites are associated with pelmatozoan columnals, a possible camaroid, and fossils of uncertain affinities. These fossils, along with a probable conulariid fragment from the Peltura minor Zone, are also described and discussed. The presence of a benthic fauna of pelmatozoans, and possible conulariids and camaroids, indicates that at least parts of the Peltura zones were deposited during dysoxic rather than anoxic periods. Moreover, the sea floor must have been firm enough to allow colonisation by sessile organisms.

4

Trilobites from the latest Frasnian Kellwasser crisis in North Africa [Mrirt, Central Moroccan Meseta]

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Feist R.

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nr 2

EN

Latest Frasnian trilobites are recorded for the first time from North Africa. They occur in oxygenated limestones between the Lower and Upper Kellwasser horizons at Bou Ounabdou near Mrirt, central Moroccan Meseta. The faunas are very close to the contemporaneous associations in European sections both by their taxonomic composition and by patterns of evolutionary behavior towards eye reduction. Two new taxa are described: Gondwanaspis mrirtensis gen. et sp. nov., which is the last known representative of the Odontopleuridae before its extinction at the base of the Upper Kellwasser horizon, and Pteroparia ziegleri maroccanica subsp. nov., a geographical variant of the nominal subspecies from Sessacker in the Rhenish Slate Mountains.

5

Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

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Perez-Peris F. , Laibl L. , Vidal M.

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tom 66

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nr 4

6

A new Cambrian catillicephalid trilobite from the Shallow Bay Formation of western Newfoundland, Canada

80%

Westrop S. R. , Dengler A. A.

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tom 67

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nr 1

7

Red Devonian trilobites with green eyes from Morocco and the silicification of the trilobite exoskeleton

80%

Klug C. , Schulz H. , De Baets K.

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nr 1

117-123

EN

Latest Emsian (Early Devonian) sediments at the famous mud−moundand trilobite−locality Hamar Laghdad (Tafilalt, Morocco) yielded some red−coloured remains of phacopid trilobites. Closer examination revealed that the eyes of these phacopids are often greenish in colour. EDX−analyses showed that the lenses retained their original calcitic composition, possibly greenish due to Feand Mn−impurities, while most of the exoskeleton was silicified. The silicified parts contain elevated concentrations of iron which causes the red colour. This phenomenon is explained by the porosity of the exoskeleton in contrast to the homogeneous and massive construction of the lenses and their Mg−content. These incompletely silicified trilobites enabled a reconstruction of the silicification process in trilobites. Their diagenetic alteration probably occurred as a result of events associated with the Cretaceous transgression.

8

A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

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Sun Z. , Zeng H. , Zhao F.

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nr 4

9

Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

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Drage H. B. , Vandenbroucke T. R. A. , Van Roy P. , Daley A. C.

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nr 2

EN

Euarthropods have a tough exoskeleton that provides crucial protection from predation and parasitism. However, this is restrictive to growth and must be periodically moulted. The moulting sequence is well-known from extant arthropods, consisting of: (i) the long inter-moult stage, in which no changes occur to the hardened exoskeleton; (ii) the pre-moult stage where the old exoskeleton is detached and the new one secreted; (iii) exuviation, when the old exoskeleton is moulted; and (iv) the post-moult stage during which the new exoskeleton starts as soft, thin, and partially compressed and gradually hardens to the robust exoskeleton of the inter-moult stage. Trilobite fossils typically consist of inter-moult carcasses or moulted exuviae, but specimens preserving the post-moult stage are rare. Here we describe nine specimens assigned to Symphysurus ebbestadi representing the first group of contemporaneous fossils collected that preserve all key stages of the moulting process in one taxon, including the post-moult stage. They were collected from a single lens in the Tremadocian part of the Fezouata Shale Formation, Morocco. Based on cephalic displacement and comparison to other trilobite moults, one specimen appears to represent a moulted exoskeleton. Four specimens are typical inter-moult carcasses. Four others are wrinkled and flattened, with thin exoskeletons compared to inter-moult specimens, and are considered post-moult individuals. These S. ebbestadi specimens illuminate the preservation and morphology of the post-moulting stage, characterised by strong anterior-posterior exoskeleton wrinkling, as well as overall body flattening and reduced visibility of thoracic articulations. Being found in the same lens, these specimens likely represent the first preserved in-the-act mass moulting event. The displayed sequence of moulting suggests the moulting process in trilobites was comparable to modern arthropods, and conserved within euarthropod evolutionary history.

10

New genus of dimeropygid trilobites from the earliest Ordovician of Laurentia

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Adrain J. M. , Westrop S. R.

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2006

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tom 51

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nr 3

EN

The new genus Tulepyge includes a type species, T. tulensis nov., from the Barn Canyon Member of the House Formation, western Utah, USA, and T. paucituberculata from the Broom Point Member of the Green Point Formation, western Newfoundland, Canada. Both species are earliest Ordovician in age, with occurrence immediately above the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary. Together with the hystricurid taxon Millardicurus, the new genus is likely to serve as an indicator fossil for the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in Laurentia, as it is already known from different biofacies on opposite margins of the continent. Tulepyge is not closely comparable with contemporaneous taxa assigned to Hystricuridae but in its dorsally convex and coarsely tuberculate exoskeleton it resembles taxa which have been referred to Dimeropygidae, most of which are considerably younger in age.

11

A unified Lower - Middle Cambrian chronostratigraphy for West Gondwana

80%

Geyer G. , Landing E.

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tom Vol. 54, no. 2

179--218

EN

Similarities in biotic successions support a unified, composite chronostratigraphy for the Lower-Middle Cambrian of the Iberian and Moroccan margins of West Gondwana. The Curdubian Series (emended from an Iberian stage-level unit) comprises the sub-trilobitic Lower Cambrian of West Gondwana. This series represents ca. half of the Cambrian (ca. 25 m.y.), has a base defined at the lowest occurrence of diagnostic Cambrian ichnogenera in central Spain, and is comparable to the Placentian Series of Avalon. The overlying trilobite-bearing Lower Cambrian (ca. 9 m.y. duration), or Atlasian Series (new), of West Gondwana consists of two stages originally defined in highly fossiliferous (trilobites and archaeocyaths) Moroccan sections where they have great potential for precise U-Pb geochronology. The penultimate Lower Cambrian stage, the Issendalenian, with the near-joint lowest occurrence of trilobites and archaeocyaths, is approximately comparable with the sparsely fossiliferous, Iberian"Ovetian Stage" (designation abandoned). The "Ovetian" as currently revised is invalid because it is an objective homonym of Sdzuy's original "Ovetian". The "Ovetian" is not a practically applicable unit as its basal stratotype horizon lacs any identified fossils, and its trilobites are so rare that it cannot serve as a standard for interregional correlation. By contrast, the Banian Stage as defined in Marocco is suitable as the terminal Lower Cambrian stage of West Gondwana. It is based on very fossiliferous successions that allow recognition of three successive trilobite zones and is similar in concept to the Iberian 'Marianian Stage' (designation abandoned). The "Marianian" lacs a designated lower boundary stratotype locality, lacs a biostratigraphically defined base at a stratotype, and is so sparsely fossiliferous that no biostratigraphic zonation exists. Long-term problems involving regional definition of the West Gondwana Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary are resolved. The lowestoccurrence of paradoxidid trilobites, the classic index for the base of the Middle Cambrian, is diachronous in West Gondwana and other regions, with the group showing a delayed appearance in Iberia, Sweden, and Bohemia, by comparison with Morocco. Taxonomic revision of Iberian trilobites and new documentation of their ranges in Morocco show that the Iberian terminal "Lower Cambrian" "Bilbilian Stage" (designation abandoned) correlates with the Moroccan upper Banian and lower and middle "Tissafinian" Stages and with the Siberian upper Toyonian (traditionally assigned to the Lower Cambrian in Siberia) and lower Amgan (assigned to the Middle Cambrian in Siberia) Stages. The "Bilbilian" thus includes Middle Cambrian strata in a traditional international concept. Faunas from the base of the Iberian "lowest" Middle Cambrian "Leonian Stage" (designation abandoned) correlate largely into the second trilobite zone of the "Tissafinian" and are now understood to appear above an intra-Middle Cambrian faunal break. This faunal break is still poorly understood and may be an artifact of collection failure immediately above the sparsely fossiliferous, problematical "Valdemiedes event" interval. The base of this "Middle Cambrian", now termed Celtiberian Series (new designation), in west Gondwana is best defined by the base of the lower Middle Cambrian Agdzian Stage (new designation). The Agdzian includes the "Tissafinian" and overlying lower "Toushamian Stage" (designations abandoned) of Morocco, and has its top defined by the base of the middle Middle Cambrian Caesaraugustian Stage, as defined in Spain at the lowest occurrence of Badulesia tenera. The Languedocian, originally defined at the lowest occurrence of Solenopleuropsis (Manublesia) thorali in the southern Montagne Noire of France comprises the third, and terminal stage of the Celtiberian Series. We suggest that the designations "Lower Cambrian" and "Middle Cambiran" be regarded as descriptive and nonchronostratigra-phic terms in discussions of the Cambrian. New taxa or taxonomic combinations include Myopsolenites altus (Linan & Gozalo, 1986), M. boutiouiti sp. nov., M. kielciensis (Bednarczyk, 1970), and Hamatolenus (Hamatolenus) vincenti sp. nov.

12

First report on the occurrence of Neseuretinus and Ovalocephalus trilobites in the Middle Ordovician of Iran

80%

Ghobadi P. M. , Popov L. E.

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nr 1

125-133

EN

In the Derenjal Mountains of east Central Iran, the upper part of the Shirgesht Formation (uppermost Darriwilian) contains a distinct trilobite assemblage that includes Neseuretinus birmanicus and Ovalocephalus aff. obsoletus among others. Both genera were previously unknown in Iran. The occurrence of Ovalocephalus represents the earliest sign of westward taxon migration from China towards higher latitudes along the West Gondwanan margin, which may be related to global warming, after a short episode of cooler climate in the early to mid Darriwilian. Patterns of biogeographical distribution of Ovalocephalus and Neseuretinussuggest that Central Iran was part of an “overlap zone” where tropical and high latitude benthic taxa mingled.

13

Shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia

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Betts M. J. , Claybourn T. M. , Brock G. A. , Jago J. B. , Skovsted C. B. , Paterson J. R.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2019

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tom 64

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nr 3

EN

The lower Cambrian (Series 2) White Point Conglomerate (WPC) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia contains exotic clasts representing a diverse array of lithologies, including metamorphics, chert, sandstone, and abundant carbonates, notably archaeocyath-rich bioclastic limestone. Acetic acid digestion of the WPC bioclastic limestone clasts reveals a diverse shelly fauna. This assemblage includes abundant organophosphatic brachiopods such as Cordatia erinae Brock and Claybourn gen. et sp. nov., Curdus pararaensis, Eodicellomus elkaniformiis, Eohadrotreta sp. cf. E. zhenbaensis, Eoobolus sp., Kyrshabaktella davidii, and Schizopholis yorkensis. Additional shelly taxa include the solenopleurid trilobite Trachoparia? sp., the tommotiids Dailyatia odyssei, Dailyatia decobruta Betts sp. nov., Kelanella sp., and Lapworthella fasciculata, spines of the bradoriid arthropod Mongolitubulus squamifer, and several problematica, such as Stoibostrombus crenulatus and a variety of tubular forms. The upper age limit for the WPC is constrained by biostratigraphic data from the overlying Marsden Sandstone and Emu Bay Shale, which are no younger than the Pararaia janeae Trilobite Zone (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4). The shelly fossil assemblage from the WPC limestone clasts indicates an upper Dailyatia odyssei Zone (= Pararaia tatei to lower P. janeae trilobite zones), equivalent to the Atdabanian–early Botoman of the Siberian scheme. This contrasts with the previously suggested late Botoman age for the limestone clasts, based on the diverse archaeocyath assemblage. The minor age difference between the WPC and its fossiliferous limestone clasts suggests relatively rapid reworking of biohermal buildups during tectonically-active phases of deposition in the Stansbury Basin.

14

Trilobite and acritarch assemblages from the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary interval in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

80%

Żylińska A. , Szczepanik Z.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2009

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tom Vol. 59, no. 4

413-458

EN

Integrated analysis of trilobite and acritarch assemblages across the traditional Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) has documented the development of both groups in this interval. Trilobite assemblages, comprising 31 taxa (13 are revised herein) dominated by the Ellipsocephalidae, change from the protolenoid-dominated in the Lower Cambrian to the kingaspidoid-ornamentaspidoid-dominated in the Middle Cambrian, and correlate well with the Agdzian Stage of West Gondwana (Geyer and Landing 2004). Correspondence to West Gondwana and Avalonia is also evident from the presence of the associated trilobite genera, Palaeolenus, Myopsolenites, Latikingaspis, Kingaspis, Latoucheia and Orodes. The acritarch assemblages, comprising 77 taxa, indicate that their main taxonomic turnover was gradual and preceded the earliest occurrence of Paradoxides spp., as in the Spanish sections. The geological succession studied in the HCM represents part of the Cambrian strata that are generally missing in Baltica.

15

A new, morphologically diverse Permian trilobite fauna from Oman

80%

Fortey R. A. , Heward A. P.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2015

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tom 60

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nr 1

EN

A newly discovered trilobite fauna from the early to middle Permian Qarari Unit of northeastern Sultanate of Oman is described. It comprises exceptionally complete and well-preserved examples of five proetoid species, belonging to genera typical of an eastern Tethyan region extending through southern Asia to Timor. The shallow shelf fauna compares closely with one of Artinskian age from Afghanistan. Permian species previously assigned to Paladin are here considered unrelated to this predominantly Carboniferous clade, and are placed in a new ditomopygine genus, Simulopaladin, type species Simulopaladin tridentifer sp. nov. Three other ditomopygine species are described: Hentigia ornata sp. nov., Iranaspidion elephas sp. nov., and Acanthophillipsia felicitae sp. nov. The proetid Triproetus bonbon sp. nov. is the most complete material known of a more widespread genus.

16

Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

80%

Du G.-Y. , Peng J. , Wang D.-Z. , Wang Q.-J. , Wang Y.-F. , Zhang H.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2019

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tom 64

|

nr 4

EN

The morphology and ontogeny of the trilobite Changaspis elongata based on 216 specimens collected from the Lazizhai section of the Balang Formation (Stage 4, Series 2 of the Cambrian) in Guizhou Province, South China are described. The relatively continuous ontogenetic series reveals morphological changes, and shows that the species has seventeen thoracic segments in the holaspid period, instead of the sixteen as previously suggested. The development of the pygidial segments shows that their number gradually decreases during ontogeny. A new dataset of well-preserved specimens offers a unique opportunity to investigate developmental traits after segment addition is completed. The ontogenetic size progressions for the lengths of cephalon and trunk show overall compliance with Dyar’s rule. As a result of different average growth rates for the lengths of cephalon, trunk and pygidium, the length of the thorax relative to the body shows a gradually increasing trend; however, the cephalon and pygidium follow the opposite trend. Morphometric analysis across fourteen post-embryonic stages reveals growth gradients with increasing values for each thoracic segment from anterior to posterior. The reconstruction of the development traits shows visualization of the changes in relative growth and segmentation for the different body parts. The new dataset and growth gradient of the trunk suggest that the thoracic segment growth dynamics of early Cambrian to Silurian trilobites follow the same general continuous, steady-state growth gradient decreasing from posterior to anterior.

17

Revision of the late Ordovician trilobite Holotrachelus punctillosus [Tornquist, 1884] from Dalarna, Sweden

80%

Suzuki Y.

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2001

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tom 46

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nr 3

EN

Holotrachelus punctillosus from the Boda Limestone (Ashgill, Upper Ordovician) of Sweden is redescribed. The systematic position of this problematic species is discussed. Its distinctive morphology appears to be the result of an adaptation towards illaenid life habits. The pygidial morphology, with the extra-fulcral field developed as segmental pleural spines, makes an assignment possible to only four Ordovician groups, namely the Remopleuridioidea, Odontopleuroidea, Lichoidea and Cheiruroidea. Of these, the former three are so different that a direct affiliation is out of the question. Similarities with the Cheiruroidea are the more persuasive, particularly after a misinterpretation of the facial suture is corrected and some other problems are sorted out. It is suggested that the Holotrachelinae are placed within the Cheiruridae, where it may have special affinities to the Sphaerexochinae.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono redeskrypcję trylobita Holotrachelus punctillosus, pochodzącego ze szwedzkich wapieni Boda (aszgil, górny ordowik) i omówiono pozycję systematyczną tego problematycznego gatunku. Jego charakterystyczna morfologia wydaje sie być związana z przystosowaniem do trybu zycia typowego dla Illaenidae. Morfologia pygidium, z polem pozawidełkowym rozwiniętym w postaci członowanych kolców pleuralnych, umożliwia zaliczenie holotrachelusa do jednej z czterech ordowickich nadrodzin: Remopleuridioidea, Odontopleuroidea, Lichoidea lub Cheiruroidea. Holotrachelus wykazuje najwieksze podobieństwo do Cheiruroidea, zwłaszcza po skorygowaniu mylnej interpretacji szwu policzkowego. Autor sugeruje, że Holotrachelinae należy umieścić w obrębie Cheiruridae, przy czym najbliższe pokrewieństwa mogą je łączyć ze Sphaerexochinae.

18

Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

80%

Bruton D. L. , Nakrem H. A.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 3

EN

Study of silicified material of Trinodus elspethi, from the Edinburg Formation, Virginia, USA, shows there is no gliding of distal parts of segments but an articulating furrow and opposing flange with prongs, acting as apodemes for muscle attachment, allowed cephalon and thorax to move as a single unit. Articulation between thorax and pygidium was more rigid with prongs from the thorax articulating in sockets on the pygidium. Support is given to the view that agnostoids lived partially enrolled with cephalon and pygidium gaping. They are unique in lacking an articulating half−ring between cephalon and thorax and the hinge joint is modified medially to provide an opening for what is interpreted as an exhalatory organ through which water passed during feeding and swimming. Peculiarities of the thorax are connected with the presence of only two thoracic segments articulating as a unit with distal tips directed anteriorly rather than posteriorly. Otherwise articulating half rings are present in the rest of the thorax and pygidium and lack of articulating facets is not unique. It is concluded that agnostoids can be shown to be trilobites.

19

Ontogeny of a new cyrtosymboline trilobite from the Famennian of Morocco

80%

Loresey-Aubril R. , Feist R.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2005

|

tom 50

|

nr 3

EN

Abundant trilobite remains were recovered from late mid−Famennian marlstones from various sites in Eastern Tafilalet, southeast Morocco. All belong to a single taxon previously identified as Cyrtosymbole (Waribole) prima. This taxon is designated the type species of Osmolskabole gen. nov. A redefinition of this species, including the description of newly discovered, disarticulated exuviae both in limestone and silicified state of preservation, is given. In particular, silicified sclerites of various sizes allow the first complete growth series of a cyrtosymboline proetid to be presented. The close morphological resemblance of its protaspid stages to known proetoid larvae emphasizes the homogeneity of the early ontogeny in this superfamily. The Famennian proetoid anaprotaspis is also of comparable size to that of other Devonian proetoid larvae. However, their size−range is much less than that observed in Carboniferous larvae. This suggests that the survival of proetoid trilobites at the Frasnian−Famennian Kellwasser crisis did not result from a modification of the developmental strategy, as it might have been the case at the terminal Devonian extinction event. Moreover, O. prima possesses a plectrum from the metaprotaspid to the mid meraspid periods. This implies that the natant hypostomal condition is not steadily acquired early in the ontogeny of the Proetida. Thus we preclude the use of this character in the diagnosis of this order.

20

Cambrian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; biostratigraphy of the Wiśniówka Hill succession

70%

Żylińska A. , Szczepanik Z. , Salwa S.

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tom Vol. 56, no. 4

443-461

EN

New acritarch data combined with the trilobite record date most of the Wiśniówka Hill succession (western part of Łysogóry, Holy Cross Mts.) as early Furongian (early late Cambrian). The taxonomic diversity and abundance of the acritarch assemblages allow a more precise age determination than previous studies, as well as correlation with contemporary associations from Baltica, Avalonia and West Gondwana. The stratigraphic significance of trilobite trace fossils within the succession is evaluated.