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Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų liberalioji spauda apie tris ultimatumus Lietuvai (1938–1940 m.)

100%

Kėvelaitienė G.

Lietuvos istorijos metraštis

2022

nr 1

153-180

The article seeks to reveal how the information about the ultimatums served to Lithuania (by Poland in 1938, by Germany in 1939, and by the Soviet Union in 1940) was reflected in the US press, how it used Lithuania’s official sources, how the American press evaluated the information, and whether the US press was on the side of Lithuania or not. Four American newspapers (The New York Times, The New York Herald Tribune, The Washington Post, and The Chicago Daily Tribune) and two American Lithuanian newspapers (Vienybė and Dirva) were selected for the study. Although the information provided in the US press was accurate, it avoided assessments of the events. Like the US government, the press pursued more isolationist policy towards Lithuania. Although the events in Lithuania received considerable attention from the local press, the US newspapers hardly ever used Lithuanian information sources officially.

Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti, kaip informacija apie Lietuvai įteiktus ultimatumus (1938 m. Lenkijos, 1939 m. Vokietijos ir 1940 m. Sovietų Sąjungos) atsispindėjo JAV rytinėje pakrantėje leidžiamoje liberaliosios krypties spaudoje, kokį poveikį turėjo Lietuvos oficialių informacijos šaltinių veikla formuojant JAV spaudos poziciją ultimatumų Lietuvai atžvilgiu bei kaip ir kiek JAV lietuvių spauda vertino JAV spaudos pateikiamą informaciją. Siekiama nustatyti, ką palaikė JAV spauda – buvo Lietuvos ar jų įteikėjų pusėje. Tyrimui pasirinkti keturi JAV dienraščiai:The New York Times, New York Herald Tribune, The Washington Post bei Chicago Daily Tribune ir du JAV lietuvių laikraščiai: „Vienybė“ ir „Dirva“. Nors JAV spaudoje buvo pateikiama tiksli informacija, dėstomi aiškūs faktai, vengta įvykius vertinti. Kaip ir JAV politikai, taip ir spauda daugiau laikėsi izoliacinės politikos Lietuvos atžvilgiu. Nors JAV lietuvių spaudoje teigiama, kad įvykiai sulaukė išskirtinai daug vietinės spaudos dėmesio, ir kai kurie straipsniai tikrai pasiekė pirmuosius puslapius, JAV dienraščiai oficialiais Lietuvos informacijos šaltiniais beveik nesinaudojo.

Charta 77 v americkém "překladu": obraz československého disentu v americkém tisku v roce 1977

84%

James P.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

2023

tom 30

nr 2

443-492

The study traces how the American press covered Charter 77's appearances in the first year of its existence, a subject hitherto unstudied. Czechoslovak dissent attracted international attention after major Western newspapers published the constitutive "Charter 77 Declaration" of January 1, 1977. The subsequent prosecution of the Charter's spokespersons and other signatories sparked a wave of protest and support in the West. The interest of the Western media was crucial for the dissidents, as it was the main way to inform the international public about their activities, and often the only way to get some protection against domestic repression. The situation in Czechoslovakia in the early months of 1977 was also monitored by the media and government authorities in the United States. The author finds, however, that of the major American newspapers, only The Christian Science Monitor, The New York Times, and, to a lesser extent, The Washington Post reported on the Charter on a regular basis. She introduces five journalists who reported on the subject more consistently on these platforms (and in some magazines, too). These were Eric Bourne (1909-1999), Malcolm W. Browne (1931-2012), Michael Getler (1935-2018), Paul Hofmann (1912-2008), and Charles W. Sawyer (born 1941). She examines their professional careers and their engagement in Czechoslovak affairs, introduces their reflections on dissent and the conditions in the Eastern Bloc countries, and characterizes their typical approach and point of view in the context of the American journalism of their time. She chronicles their trips to Czechoslovakia and meetings with dissidents in the first months of 1977, which usually ended with their expulsion from the country, and juxtaposes their journalism and memoirs with State Security documents. In doing so, she shows the problematic contexts in which they reported on Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, and suggests certain shifts and distortions to which the ideas and activities of Czechoslovak dissent were subjected in their mediation and "translation" for the American press. It was this "translation", complicated by the limited contacts American journalists had with dissidents, that mattered more to the media image of the Charter trought the United States of 1977 than the original ideas of Jan Patočka or Václav Havel. It can be concluded that American journalists represented the dissident movement in the long run as a continuation of the Second World War conflict, which the dissidents had shifted to a field of competing political, economic, ethical, and philosophical ideas and visions.