The article deals with foreign language learning policy making in Europe and in European higher education in particular. The study points out that demands are made not only for the recognition of a citizenship of residence, but also for an acknowledgement of the value of a diversity of languages and cultures for all countries. The leading European agencies (The Council of Europe, The European Union) decisions and activities directed at the promotion of foreign language learning in higher education are considered. The efforts made to raise awareness of the European Union and Council of Europe recommendations for promoting language learning and linguistic diversity across Europe and to promote European co-operation in developing language policies and practices for higher education are discussed. The article also focuses on the implications of the Bologna Process for the field of HE language education (languages and academic mobility, languages and employability, lifelong language learning). The investigated data prove that globalization and integration set a new economic context for the developments in HE foreign language provision. The adopted decisions are connected with raising foreign language proficiency at the individual, national and supranational levels. The tasks and practical solutions are aimed at the creation of a European Higher Education area, allowing for mobility of students, graduates and higher education staff; preparing students for their future careers and for life as active citizens; offering broad access to high quality higher education, based on academic freedom by means of promotion language learning in higher education and acquisition of foreign language skills. The calls for academic mobility lead to understanding that students, graduates, and teaching staff need a potentially wide range of communicative skills which arise out of the various tasks which they may have to perform in a foreign language (gaining access to specialised material in another language, participating in mobility programmes and in international projects, the professional communication skills, socialization skills etc.) The priorities of foreign language learning and teaching within European higher education context are characterized (needs analysis, professionally-oriented language learning, creating diversity of language learning models).
A former Deputy to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, and at the same time a former member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), cannot be held responsible to the Sejm. Potentially, bringing the above-mentioned person to a criminal liability may be considered, because, according to the author, in the analyzed case, that person was not protected by immunity privileges granted under international law to the members of PACE. A possible launch of this type of legal responsibility would, however, require determining of a few strictly criminal-law matters described in the opinion.
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This article presents the achievements of the Council of Europe in the formulation of social rights in the context of the fundamental human rights. After a brief historical lynx, Social Chater's rules are presented on a comparative analysis, the first of 1961 and the revised version of 1996, as the Council of Europe's attemptetion to ensure that the signatory countries the largest number of provisions to guarantee decent working conditions and social security. It also include account ways to respect and protect the use of the Chaters's records in relation of states.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia dorobek Rady Europy w zakresie formułowania praw socjalnych w ramach podstawowych praw człowieka. Po krótkim rysie historycznym przedstawiono na zasadzie analizy porównawczej – przepisy Kart Socjalnych, pierwszej z 1961 r., jak i zrewidowanej wersji z 1996 r., jako próba dążenia Rady Europy do zagwarantowania w państwach sygnatariuszach największej ilości przepisów gwarantujących godziwe warunki do pracy oraz zabezpieczenia społecznego. Uwzględniono również sposoby przestrzegania i zabezpieczenia stosowania zapisów Kart w stosunku do pastw członkowskich.
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