Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Research in castles located in the Mazovian-Prussian border zone

100%

Grążawski K.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2019

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nr 4(306)

808-824

PL

Artykuł prezentuje przegląd nowszych badań nad zamkami doby średniowiecza na pograniczu mazowiecko-pruskim. Uwzględnione tu zostały nie tylko zamki krzyżackie ale także warownie biskupie. Wśród nich znalazły się zamki zakonne w Brodnicy, Działdowie, Bratianie a także biskupie jak w Kurzętniku, Lubawie. Starano się ukazać ich walory obronne jak i możliwości interpretacyjne w kontekście nowych odkryć

2

Murowany zamek prokuratorów krzyżackich w Bytowie w średniowieczu. Chronologia wznoszenia, rozplanowanie i układ przestrzenny

75%

Jóźwiak S. , Wasik B.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2023

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tom 88

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nr 4

5-37

EN

Teutonic castles in Prussia have long captivated the interest of scholars, with greater emphasis placed on the fortresses of Teutonic commanders and, notably, Malbork Castle. Lesser attention, however, has been given to the castles of lower-ranking Teutonic officials. One such castle is the Teutonic Pflegers’ fortress in Bytów, which stands to this day. Research on this site has been ongoing since the early 20th century, primarily conducted by art historians who have predominantly relied on architectural elements to delve into the castle’s construction chronology and spatial arrangement. Remarkably, numerous written accounts, both medieval and modern (16th–17th centuries), have been preserved concerning this castle. By incorporating these historical documents alongside archaeological findings made over the past three decades, the authors have reassessed prior conclusions about the castle’s early history and reconstituted its medieval spatial layout. Regrettably, little information is available regarding the initial residence of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów during the latter half of the 14th century. The brick castle was erected around the turn of the 15th century, displaying a rectangular design with four corner towers. The primary building was located on the northwestern side. Within the courtyard, a distinctive feature was a transverse wall that divided the castle into two sections, viewing from the side of the kitchen. This architectural choice was distinct from other fortifications of Teutonic officials constructed in the first half of the 15th century in Prussia. The design of the castle in Bytów was innovative, while its architecture and spatial layout were to align with the evolving demands of warfare, such as the development of firearms.

3

Funkcje siedzib drobnych urzędników krzyżackich na obszarze komturstw człuchowskiego i tucholskiego

63%

Knyżewski M.

Amor Fati

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2015

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nr 4

193-204

EN

Article relates to functions of castles and manors that belonged to minor officials Teutonic in south Pomerelia (komturship Człuchów and Tuchola). These areas had provincial character in the State of the Teutonic Knights. Castles and manors of komturship seem to be typical in terms of its functions to other such facilities in the former monastic state in Prussia. The most interest-ing thing in terms of residential tasks seem mansions in Kosobudy, Debrzno and Chojnice. The first of them could be the temporary residence of high dignitaries. Debrzno and Chojnice may not have a permanent crew. Noteworthy is the fact that most of these objects probably did not present a strongly defensive forms. Probably all or almost all (question as in the case of urban mansions) seat monastic functions in relation to the breeding and cultivation.

4

Dienerzy w służbie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w drugiej połowie XIV – pierwszej połowie XV wieku. Liczebność, utrzymanie, zakwaterowanie

63%

Jóźwiak S.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2018

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tom 83

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nr 1

7-37

EN

In the late medieval Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia dieners were people who came from knightly families (not infrequently from beyond the territory of Prussia) and were maintained by Teutonic dignitaries and officials (they were provided with accommodation, food, clothes and pay) in exchange for the diplomatic, military-knightly and courtly service (the participation in military actions, the manning of castles, transporting information, the defence of envoys and guests, the examination of the territory occupied by the enemy, the participation in corteges, etc.). In the first half of the 15th century (the available data refers only to this period of time), every high Teutonic official, commander and Vogt had even a few dozens of dieners at their disposal, except extraordinary situations such as the manning of frontier castles in Klaipėda and Dybów. In the whole territory of the Teutonic State in Prussia there might have been about 450–500 dieners at that time. The source analysis conducted here which concerned the castles in Malbork, Świecie, Elbląg and Brandenburg allow us to state that dieners were provided with the accommodation in the buildings situated in the outer wards of the castles. They were given rooms (chambers) exclusively for their use or individual rooms in infirmaries of dieners/servants. As may be inferred from the relatively numerous sources in the Malbork castle they were accommodated on the ground floor in the southern part of the eastern wing of the first internal ward, in the infirmaries next to the Church of St. Lawrence (the southern wing of the first internal ward). In Konigsberg the solution was quite exceptional. Dieners residing there were allowed to have their residential space within the outer wards of the castle (which cannot be proved), but the infirmary where they resided was situated in the territory of the so called wolnizna [Burgfreihei], in the north of the north-east part of the outer ward.

DE

Im spätmittelalterlichen Staat des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen waren Diener zumeist Personen, die aus Ritterfamilien stammten (häufig auch von außerhalb dieses Territoriums) und die von Gebietigern und Amtsträgern aus dem Orden unterhalten wurden (Unterkunft, Verpflegung, Kleidung, Bezahlung). Dafür waren sie zu diplomatischem, militärisch-ritterlichem und höfischem Dienst verpflichtet (Teilnahme an Kriegshandlungen, Besatzung von Burgen, Übermittlung von Informationen, Schutz von Abgesandten und Gästen, Aufklärung in feindlichem Gebiet, Teilnahme an Gefolgszügen usw.). Insgesamt unterhielt in der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts (nur für diesen Zeitraum existieren Quellenangaben) abgesehen von besonderen Anlässen (Besatzung der Grenzburgen in Memel und Dibau) jeder hohe Würdenträger des Ordens, jeder Komtur und Vogt bis zu mehrere Dutzend Diener. Im gesamten Ordensstaat in Preußen könnte es damals schätzungsweise 450–500 von ihnen gegeben haben. Die hier durchgeführten Quellenanalysen zu den Ordenshäusern in Marienburg, Schwetz, Elbing oder Brandenburg lassen den Schluss zu, dass den Dienern Unterkünfte in den Gebäuden der Vorburgen zugewiesen wurden. Dabei handelte es sich um Räumlichkeiten, die ausschließlich für ihre Bedürfnisse bestimmt waren oder auch um gesonderte Innenräume für Diener und Knechte in den Krankentrakten der Burgen. Wie aus den relativ zahlreichen Quellen hervorgeht, waren sie in der Hauptfestung Marienburg im Erdgeschoss im südlichen Teil des Ostflügels der geschlossenen Bebauung der ersten, inneren Vorburg untergebracht, außerdem in den Räumlichkei- ten des Krankentrakts bei der St.-Laurentius-Kirche (südlicher Bereich der zweiten Vorburg) sowie eventuell im „Palast“ der Hochmeister (Westflügel der ersten, inneren Vorburg). Eine recht unkonventionelle Lösung lässt sich für Königsberg ermitteln. Die dort lebenden Diener können natürlich Wohnräume im Bereich der Vorburg der dortigen Festung besessen haben (was sich jedoch nicht beweisen lässt), der für sie bestimmte Krankentrakt befand sich allerdings auf einem abgabefreien Gelände der Burg, etwas nördlich vom nordöstlichen Teil der Vorburg.

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Zamek w Sztumie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych z 2019 roku

63%

Wasik B.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2020

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tom Tom XXIX

s. 195-222

EN

In the second half of the 19th and early 20th century first scientific studies of the castle were created by German scientists. Architectural research was carried out in the 1980s, but the castle was never subject to extensive archaeological and architectural research. Over the past decades, researchers usually have tended to repeat older views. New information was brought by historians' research a few years ago. Extensive archaeological and architectural research of the castle began in 2019. They also included the analysis of test trenches made in 2018 under the supervision of Zbigniew Sawicki and Ewa Fudzińska. There functioned a view that the castle was likely built in place of an Old Prussian stronghold. Current research, however, forces us to reject it. As for the chronology of the masonry castle construction, it was associated with the first mentions of officials related Sztum (1330s). The information about the foundation of the fortalicium by Albrecht III Habsburg in 1377 instead, was associated with the addition of one of the three castle towers. However, current research has negated this interpretation. All towers were erected at the beginning of the castle construction. The dating of the archaeological material confirms that the construction of the castle began as late as in the second half of the 14th century, i.e. in connection with the foundation of 1377. The research also brought new knowledge about the spatial arrangement and construction techniques of the castle. In trenches 1 and 4–4a, the foundations of half-pillars of the defensive wall’s arcades were documented. In addition, the walls of the eastern tower and the adjacent second castle gate were unearthed (trenches 2–2a and 5a), which were built together with the perimeter wall of the complex. The layout of the slopes and moat layers was recognised (trenches Nos. 7, 11, 13 and drillings). The layouts of construction embankments were also recognised inside the castle (trenches 1–1a, 2–2a–2b, 4–4a–4b and 12). As for the internal buildings, relics of the house of grand masters have been identified in the southeastern part of the castle (trenches 1–1a, 6, 8). It was found that in the Middle Ages, the space between the southeastern outbuilding and the eastern tower was built up (trenches 2–2a). In the north presence of the medieval and early post-medieval phase of economic buildings (trench 12) was found, while in the west the existence of the building in the Middle Ages was not confirmed (trench 4–4a–4b). The relics of the west wing discovered there come from the post-medieval period.

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Zamek w Sztumie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych z 2021 roku

63%

Wasik B.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2022

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tom Tom XXXI

125–146

EN

The excavations of the castle in Sztum carried out in 2021 were a continuation of the works from 2019. First, however, in 2020, GPR survey was carried out, the results of which made it possible to clarify the location of the planned trenches and raised new research questions. In the course of the excavations, the knowledge about the spatial arrangement of the buildings studied so far was supplemented, and objects not covered by the works to date were identified. In test trench No. 17 was positively verified the anomaly, interpreted as an alleged partition wall of the great masters’ house, which allowed for a more complete reconstruction of the interior layout of this building. In trench No. 14, the northern range of the eastern gate building was captured, which, as it turned out, was similar in size to the western gate. The interior of the building was lowered in relation to the surrounding area, and there was a drawbridge trapdoor under the gate opening. Therefore, communication in the interior took place on a wooden bridge. Remains of economic buildings were unearthed in trenches Nos. 15 and 16. In the Middle Ages, there were stables and the mayor’s coach house here. The post-medieval stables were much larger than the previous ones. Their walls were made in timber-framed construction and based on a foundation of stones without mortar. In trench No. 20, a rich stratigraphy was identified at the northern wall, separating several sequences of layers of construction embankments. In trenches Nos. 18 and 19, the dimensions of the post-medieval western house were captured and the technique of its foundation was recognized. At the western gate, a previously unknown castle house was identified, which can be interpreted as gemach of the great commander. In trenches Nos. 21 and 22 marked out in the southern part of the courtyard, and with the help of the axis of the boreholes, the location and layout of the office from the 16th century was identified. It was a timber-framed building, built on solid and deeply set point foundations. In trench No. 21, a layer with Bronze Age pottery was also found under the humus from before the construction of the castle. In trench No. 23, located at the western wall of the moat, the chronological relation of this structure to the town wall was recognized. It turned out that the western wall of the moat was slightly shifted to the east in relation to the present structure. The negatives and a small destruct have survived, but based on the stratigraphy analysis, it can be concluded that the town wall was added to the perimeter of the moat at a later stage of construction. The conducted research made it possible to supplement the knowledge about the spatial arrangement and transformations of the castle. It was an object that stood out among the castle architecture of Prussia - on a daily basis the seat of the mayor, but evidently built with a residential function for great masters in mind.

7

Kultura materialna na wybranych zamkach krzyżackich w świetle inwentarzy zawartych w Ostpreussische Folianten i Ordens Brief Archiv zachowanych w Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Berlin-Dahlem

51%

Gancewski J. , Śliczyńska J. E.

Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego

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2015

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tom Zeszyt

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nr XXIX

171-182

EN

Material culture in this aspect relates primarily to the equipment of utility rooms connected with kitchen utensils of different kind kept in castles – kitchen equipment, dishes of everyday use as well as tableware to be used during the grand masters’ ceremonial feasts. It is significant to mention the period analysed since the turn of the 14th and the 15th centuries is the time in which the largest food supplies noted in the sources were gathered in the larders of Teutonic castles. Moreover, the trade and economic organization of the Order of Teutonic Knights was strongly developing. State of the Teutonic Order had a strong position in the European trade market at that time.

PL

Kultura materialna rozpatrywana w niniejszym opracowaniu dotyczy przede wszystkim wyposażenia pomieszczeń gospodarczych związanych z przechowywanymi na zamkach krzyżackich różnego rodzaju utensyliami kuchennymi – sprzętem kuchennym, naczyniami użytku codziennego, a także zastawą stołową przeznaczoną na uczty komturów i wielkich mistrzów. Nie bez znaczenia jest również przedział czasowy poddany analizie, bowiem przełom XIV i XV wieku jest to okres, w którym źródła zawierają najwięcej informacji na temat zapasów zgromadzonych w spiżarniach zamków krzyżackich. Ponadto, silnie rozwijająca się wówczas organizacja gospodarcza i handlowa zakonu krzyżackiego sprzyjała powstawaniu takich zapasów. Państwo krzyżackie w Prusach miało wówczas silną pozycję na rynkach europejskich.

8

Produkty wykorzystywane w przepisach krzyżackich. Analiza wybranych przykładów z krzyżackich ksiąg kucharskich

51%

Śliczyńska J. E.

Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego

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2016

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tom Zeszyt

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nr XXX

328-335

EN

The present analysis of dishes and cooking ingredients, used in kitchens of Teutonic castles, is based old Teutonic cookery books. The books include numerous records which change our ideas concerning preparing and making dishes, and the ingredients that were used to make them. They are often different from contemporary dishes, their content and products used in kitchens. There are also differences between the way in which some products were used in Teutonic castles and the way they are used now, especially grease, including ever-present lard. Some additives, for example, flower petals were and are still used, but only some of them were commonly used in Teutonic Knights’ cuisine, for instance violet petals. Some culinary compositions may seem bold and unique, or even inedible, not prepared in contemporary times. We have to remember, however, about the limited possibilities of the Teutonic cuisine, and their sources. We also have to consider different culinary tastes of the Teutonic Knights, and general taste which is not similar to that of our contemporary times.

PL

Rozważania nad potrawami i artykułami spożywczymi, wykorzystywanymi do przygotowania potraw i zapasów, w kuchniach na zamkach krzyżackich, czerpiemy ze źródeł zawierających opisy tychże, czyli ze starych krzyżackich ksiąg kucharskich. Wiele w nich jest zapisów, które znacznie zmieniają nasze wyobrażenie o przygotowaniu, sporządzaniu potraw, a także o składnikach, użytych do ich wytworzenia. Wielokrotnie odbiegają one od dzisiejszych potraw, ich składu lub też produktów użytych do ich sporządzenia. Istnieją też różnice w wykorzystywaniu niektórych produktów spożywczych, spotykanych zarówno w analizowanych czasach, na zamkach krzyżackich, a ich współczesnym wykorzystaniu, np. dotyczy to przede wszystkim tłuszczy, w tym wszechobecnego smalcu. Niektóre z dodatków, np. płatki kwiatowe były i są wykorzystywane cały czas, ale tylko niektóre z nich miały powszechne zastosowanie w ówczesnej kuchni krzyżackiej, jak np. płatki kwiatów fiołka. Niektóre kompozycje kulinarne wydają się niekiedy bardzo śmiałe i unikalne, lub wręcz niejadalne, nieprzyrządzane współcześnie. Musimy jednak pamiętać o ograniczonych możliwościach kuchni krzyżackiej, a przede wszystkim możliwościach jej zaopatrzenia. Do tego trzeba dołączyć inne odmienne często gusty kulinarne Krzyżaków oraz smak, który niekoniecznie jest tożsamy z naszym współczesnym.

9

Zapiski w dawnych księgach inwentarzowych zakonu krzyżackiego m. in. o zasobach arsenałów i innych magazynów na zamkach krzyżackich na granicy prusko-mazowieckiej od XIV do XVI w.

44%

Śliczyńska J. E.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Librorum

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2017

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tom 2

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nr 25

13-26

EN

The chateau complexes, both those at the border with Masovia as well as others, in the depths of the Teutonic State in Prussia, were primarily defensive buildings, but also had administrative, economic, production, processing and storage facilities, and also military warehouses for the local members of the convention (knights) and armaments with military intervention equipment that could come to the castle from other nearby castles, or for the armies) and use those stocks for further warfare. There was a very strong connection between the castle's operation (here on the border with the Duchy of Masovia), the infrastructure in that economic and military castle complex, its reserves and the role it played in the defense system of the Teutonic Order in Prussia and its economic potential resulting from the economic and conglomerate infrastructure and stored any stock.

PL

Kompleksy zamkowe, zarówno te nad granicą z Mazowszem, jak i inne, położone w głębi państwa krzyżackiego w Prusach, były przede wszystkim obiektami o charakterze obronnym, pełniły jednak również rolę administracyjną, gospodarczą, centrów produkcji, przetwórstwa i przechowalnictwa spożywczego. Pełniły jednocześnie rolę magazynów militariów dla miejscowych członków konwentów (rycerzy) oraz zbrojowni z uzbrojeniem interwencyjnym dla wojsk, które mogłyby przybyć z innych pobliskich zamków (lub dla wojsk zaciężnych) i używać tychże zapasów do dalszego prowadzenia działań wojennych. Istniał bardzo duży związek pomiędzy usytuowaniem zamku (tu na granicy z księstwem mazowieckim), infrastrukturą, w tym gospodarczo-militarną kompleksu zamkowego, jego zapasami oraz rolą, jaką pełnił w systemie obronnym państwa zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach i jego potencjałem gospodarczym, wynikającym z infrastruktury gospodarczej i zgromadzonych oraz przechowywanych w nim wszelkich zapasów.