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EN
The paper deals with short- and long-run relationship between trade balance and exchange rate, national income and money supply in Poland. The elasticity, absorption and monetary approaches to the balance of payments of Poland are verified by using the Vector Autoregression Model (VAR). The results of this investigation show that national income and money supply played crucial role as determining factors in the trade balance of Poland in the period 1997-2008. Moreover, a weak relationship was found in the Polish economy between the trade balance and the real effective exchange rate.
EN
A characteristic feature of any excise tax is that it represents a significant component of price-settings. Expectations of the government, related to the change of the tax rate for this type of tax, consists in a presumption of the increased revenues to the state budget, even though it could bring so called lateral shift of the tax. Its impact would be a decrease in a consumption of the other commodities. The aim of article is to highlight some macroeconomic consequences of the Spirit market development in Slovakia, with an emphasis on increasing excise taxes on alcohol, its consumption, production and foreign trade balance. The attention of the authors is drawn to the fact that in addition to the high rate of tax affecting the amount of revenue collected by the state, other factors such as consumer saving, lifestyle change, counter advertising and the introduction of more stringent measures in relation to road traffic as well as pressure on imports of identical commodities from abroad, can equally affect state revenue.
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