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2
86%
Kulon
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2007
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tom 12
98-99
EN
Weather and climatic conditions may impact on many aspects of bird populations, including population size, the timing of breeding and synchrony between these variables in local populations. We examined synchrony in population size and the laying date of two starling Sturnus vulgaris populations 25 km apart, at Ohau and Belmont, in New Zealand. Data were collected in nest-boxes in both study plots from 1970 to 2003. Additionally we investigated possible relationships with a large geographical climate index, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Starlings at Ohau bred significantly earlier than at Belmont. The difference in the median of year median date of laying the first egg was 3 days. Simultaneously, the percent of nest boxes used by birds was much higher in Ohau (86%, SE = 4.1) than in Belmont (52%, SE = 2.9). However, we did not find a significant relationship between median dates of laying and the percent of nest boxes used by birds in each breeding season in the two populations. Furthermore, we found no influence of ENSO on (potential) synchrony in starlings’ breeding parameters. We suggest that lack of synchrony between two close local populations, both in percentage of occupied nest boxes and time of laying, is due to starlings responding to very local conditions, like food availability. We urge future studies to take advantage of spatially close populations.
EN
Nestlings' condition parameters (body weight, tarsus and wing length) of Starling breeding in nest-boxes of various sizes were studied during two years. Two types of nest-boxes were used: normal — typical for that species (bottom size 195 cm², depth 22 cm) and 20-25% smaller. It was found that Starling didn't adjust their clutches to nest-box size. Also number of fledglings was not related to nest-box size. Significant differences between nestling development in normal and smaller nest- boxes were found only during the first days of life, when nestling growth is intensive. In older stages of nestlings development those diferences dissappeared.
PL
Porównano wskaźniki kondycji (ciężar ciała, długość skoku i skrzydła) piskląt szpaka rozwijających się w skrzynkach lęgowych różnej wielkości. W badaniach użyto skrzynek o wymiarach optymalnych dla szpaków (dno 195 cm², głębokość 22 cm) i zmniejszonych o ok. 20-25%. Stwierdzono, że wielkość zniesienia i liczba piskląt opuszczających gniazdo piskląt była podobna w obu rodzajach skrzynek lęgowych. Znaczące różnice w kondycji piskląt stwierdzono tylko w pierwszych dniach po wykluciu, kiedy wzrost jest najszybszy. W późniejszym okresie różnice te ulegały zmniejszeniu (Tab. 1).
5
72%
EN
In 106 starlings (24 juvenile and 82 adult) 12 species of Nematoda were detected. Five species: Porrocaecum semiteres, Acuaria anthuris, Diplotriaena tricuspis, Thominx contorta, Thominx similis appeared to be new to the parasitofauna of Sturnus vulgaris in Poland. The extensity of the infection with nematodes of juveniles was 66,7% and adults 69,5%. All the species (except P. semiteres) were found in old birds.
EN
Female biometrical characteristics play an important role in the breeding and contribute to breeding success. The size and shape of Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) eggs in relation to female characteristics were examined. The material was collected in northwestern Croatia (Mokrice region) in 2007. Only first clutches were analysed. Egg length averaged 29.7 mm, egg breadth – 21.2 mm, egg volume – 6810 mm³ and egg shape index – 1.41. The inter-clutch CV amounted 6% for length, 3% for breadth, 10% for volume and 6% for egg shape index. The mean female body mass was equal to 81.8 g, wing length – 128.6 mm and female condition – 0.64. No significant correlation was found between the female biometrical parameters like body mass, wing length, female condition and egg dimensions (like egg length, egg breadth, egg volume) or egg shape. Egg length was marginally correlated with egg breadth. Female body mass was significantly correlated with wing length.
EN
The influence of fleas on weight and body size in nestlings of Starlings was studied. Insecticide applied to nest material influenced flea larvae but not imagines. The presence of larvae and imagines in nests were considered indicators of nestlings and adult birds, respectively, being parasited. In general the presence of flea larvae or imagines in nests did not affect nestling weight or body size. However, when broods of different sizes were analyzed, there was a strong negative influence on the weight and body size of nestlings in bigger broods (4 nestlings). The presence of imagines had a much stronger influence on nestling condition than the presence of larvae. It was therefore suggested, that flea parasitism of adult Starlings affect nestling condition more than direct parasitism on nestlings.
PL
Celem pracy było stwierdzenie, jaki wpływ na pisklęta szpaka wywierają pchły Siphonaptera — ekto- pasożyty często występujące w gniazdach tego gatunku. Badania przeprowadzono w 1996 r. na powierzchni usytuowanej w Parku Młocińskim, położonym w peryferyjnej części Warszawy, na której rozwieszono ok. 60 skrzynek lęgowych typu B. Zajęte przez szpaka skrzynki podzielono na dwie grupy. Gniazda pierwszej grupy na kilka dni przed wyliczoną datą kłucia się piskląt, a także 7 dnia życia piskląt zostały posypane środkiem owadobójczym. Druga grupa, w której nie stosowano insektycydów — umożliwiła kontrolę skutków zabiegu. Podczas stosowania preparatu unikano jego kontaktu z jajami, bądź pisklętami (środek aplikowany był do materiału gniazdowego i na spód gniazda). Zastosowano 5% alfametrynę (Fendona 5WP)., należącą do związków pyretroidowych, stosowanych z powodzeniem w innych badaniach tego typu bez widocznego wpływu na pisklęta. Pisklęta były ważone i mierzone (długość skoku) w 7,12 i 17 dniu życia. 17 dnia mierzono również długość skrzydła piskląt. Wieczorem 17 dnia po wykluciu się piskląt zabierano całe gniazdo. Następnie przesiewano je, a zebrany materiał analizowano pod binokularem. Larwy, poczwarki i dorosłe pchły liczono. W materiale nie znaleziono innych ektopasożytów. Analizę wpływu pcheł na pisklęta szpaka przeprowadzono porównując parametry kondycji piskląt z gniazd z pasożytami i wolnych od pcheł. Osobno analizowano kondycję piskląt z gniazd, w których stwierdzono larwy i imagines pcheł, mimo, iż tylko postacie dorosłe pcheł są krwiopijne (larwy są detrytożerne). Obecność larw świadczyła o tym, iż w danym gnieździe były dobre warunki do rozmnażania się pcheł, które przed złożeniem jaj muszą pobrać krew od gospodarza. W takich gniazdach pchły mogły pasożytować tak na pisklętach, jak i ptakach dorosłych. Obecność samych tylko dorosłych pcheł w materiale gniazdowym świadczyła, iż na pewno zainfekowane były ptaki dorosłe, zaś pisklęta — niekoniecznie. Pchły obecne na ptakach dorosłych wchodziły w materiał gniazdowy, ale tam ginęły po kontakcie z insektycydem. Analizując wszystkie badane gniazda stwierdzono, że pchły nie wpływały na kondycję piskląt szpaka (tab. 1). Zauważono jednakże, iż wpływ taki zależny jest od liczby piskląt w gnieździe. Przy trzech pisklętach w gnieździe stwierdzono tylko istotne różnice długości skoku w 12 dniu życia piskląt (skok piskląt zapasożyconych był dłuższy!!!). Pozostałe parametry nie były znacząco różne. W przypadku piskląt z gniazd z czterema pisklętami wpływ pcheł był o wiele bardziej widoczny (tab. 2). Szczególnie wyraźny był przy porównaniu gniazd, gdzie znaleziono dorosłe pchły z gniazdami wolnymi od tych pasożytów. Można to tłumaczyć mniejszym zaangażowaniem rodzicielskim zapasożyconych ptaków, które przy większej liczbie piskląt nie są w stanie dostarczyć odpowiedniaj ilości pokarmu. Stwierdzono także, iż poziom zapasożycenia wpływa na kondycję piskląt. Liczba larw pcheł znalezionych w gniazdach była negatywnie skorelowana z ciężarem piskląt przed wylotem (rs = -0,237, n = 69). Podobną zależność stwierdzono dla piskląt z gniazd z czterema pisklętami (rs = -0,608, n = 22). Intensywność zapasożycenia pchłami gniazd z czterema pisklętami była negatywnie skorelowana z ciężarem piskląt w 12 i 17 dniu życia (odpowiednio rs = -0,487 i rs = -0,441, n = 22) długością skrzydła (rs = -0,448, n = 22) i długością skoku w 12 dniu życia (rs = -0,474, n = 22).
17
58%
EN
Many papers over recent years have demonstrated long-term temporal trends in biological parameters that can only be explained by global warming. I examined the long-term trends in the brood size of Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Mokrice area (north-western Croatia). I collected data from 1977 to 2007. To investigate the effect of spring temperatures on the brood size, local air temperature was used. The significant correlation (P <0.01) between mean brood size and the year (y = -31.403 + 0.018x) indicates that brood size (mean number of nestlings per nest) increased by 0.018 nestling per year, or 0.54 nestling over the period of the study. Correlation between brood size (mean number of nestlings per nest) and mean spring temperature was also significant (P <0.05) and regression equation (y = 4.162 + 0.07x) indicates that brood size increased by 0.07 nestling per 1[degrees]C. The correlation between mean spring air temperature and research year was significant (P <0.01). This data show that the mean May temperature has been increasing in the study area. We can conclude that Starlings in north-western Croatia are increasing their brood size and that the most likely cause is a long-term increase in spring temperatures.
EN
Before breeding, hole nesting birds face the problem of the presence of old nest material from previous seasons in their nest sites. This material fills the cavity, making it shallower, resulting in greater brood vulnerability to predators, as well as creating good conditions for ectoparasite development. As a consequence, this may negatively affect many breeding parameters of hole nesters. However, adult birds may compensate the effect of blood sucking ectoparasites by increasing their feeding rates. It is known that the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris L. can deepen its nest site by removing old nest material. Therefore, a study was conducted to find out whether the presence of old nest material influences ectoparasite abundance in newly built nests, reproductive parameters, as well as nestling. body parameters and feeding rates in this species. An experiment with nestboxes was carried out in two forested areas. Two groups of nestboxes were prepared - one contained old nests from the previous breeding season, and the other group was cleaned with old nests removed. During the breeding season, data on Starling reproduction were collected, i.e. laying dates, clutch size and number of fledglings. Nestling body parameters were measured on the 6th, 9th, 13th and 17th days of their lives. On the 10th and 15th days of nestling life, the number of feedings was counted over a period of 30 minutes. Nests were collected and analyzed for the presence of ectoparasites. It was found that the average number of ectoparasites, both fleas and mites, was greater in nests built on old nest material, and that this number was highly correlated. In further analysis, two possible effects on reproductive output were investigated separately: the presence of old nest material and the abundance of ectoparasites. Clutch size and number of fledglings were smaller in broods from nestboxes containing old nest material, but there was no such relationship to laying dates and nestlings. body parameters (weight, tarsus and wing length). The number of feeding trips on the 10th day of nestling life was higher in .cleaned. nestboxes, but a similar level was achieved by the 15th day in both groups of nestboxes. It was found that ectoparasite abundance did not influence any of the studied parameters of Starling reproduction, i.e. breeding, nestlings. physical condition or number of feedings. This confirmed earlier findings that ectoparasite infestation at a natural level does not affect Starlings. breeding. It seems that the negative effect of the presence of old nest material in nest sites is connected to the costs of site preparation and old nest material removal, which are borne by the females.
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|
tom 57
|
nr 3
589-595
EN
If two related species come into contact, it could be expected that, in order to coexist, they will either shift their niches apart from each other or one species will replace the other in the course of ever growing competition. Recently, two starling species, the indigenous Red-winged Starling and the exotic European Starling, came into contact in some places in Lesotho (southern Africa). In this paper, some breeding parameters of these species have been compared in an area of their co-occurrence. Studies were carried out in an urbanised habitat in Lesotho, in four consecutive breeding seasons (August–March) during the years 1998–2001. The average density of the Redwinged Starling was 13.8 pairs 100 ha⁻¹, while that of the European Starling was 9.3 pairs 100 ha⁻¹. The proportion of the Red-winged Starling to European Starling breeding pairs (1.0:0.7) was strikingly constant over the four consecutive breeding seasons. Most Red-winged Starling breeding territories (78%, N = 56) were located within builtup areas, while most European Starling territories were located either within built-up areas (25%) or on the border of built-up areas and open areas (59%, N = 41). Most Red-winged Starling nests (96%) were situated in buildings (N = 46), while European Starling nests were located both in tree holes (43%) and in buildings (57%, N = 28). Both starling species show high nest site tenacity. The Red-winged Starling daily activity pattern during the nestling phase differed considerably from that of the European Starling. Although both starling species do not overlap their feeding niches and daily and seasonal activities, their sympatric occurrence in urbanised habitats may be limited, if suitable nesting sites are lacking.
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