This paper discusses some important aspects of creative relations between Konstantin Balmont and Polish poets as well as the particularities of translations of the works by an outstanding poet Juliusz Słowacki created by Balmont. Additionally, the article examines the sojourn of Balmont with his wife Yelena Tsvetkovskaya in Poland in 1927 (meetings and speeches given by the poet, the lecture tour of the major towns of the country).
In his earliest letter, 1 Thessalonians, Paul addresses the issue of eschatology, leaving us a surprising anthropological description of the human being as “spirit, soul, and body.” Paul uses terms that are familiar to his readers. However, the first term in this threefold division of a human being, “spirit,” is the most emphasised, since the human being is no longer made up exclusively of “body and soul.” In this brief contribution, I will attempt to examine this term, “spirit,” as illuminated by its immediate narrative context and by other Pauline pneumatological texts and by its first reception. In this way, the reader will better understand the Pauline vision of the human being in the eschatology, in his ultimate destiny.
The avowed “atheist” Witold Gombrowicz is secretly worshipping the greatness of Spirit, covertly searching its traces in the In-Between-The-Forms. In the permanent oscillation between two Forms, the author builds a marvellous and invisible Spiritual tower, whose mimicking hypostases (incarnations) fill even the Interpersonal (“Godless”) Temple. The “sacral” ugliness of Yvonne “unearths” the spiritual embryos of the “sophisticated” royal society and reflecting its outlook, deformed by Spirit triggered scruples, causes her own death, bearing the sadistic seal of her aristocratic environment (Yvonne, Princess of Burgundy). The Spirit peers through and spills its magic into Fryderyk’s Director project, while it has fully infiltrated the love-filled space of Youth and Immaturity (Pornography). Pierced by the shattering Spiritual presence, Henryk cannot accept his own alignment with God and issues his own death sentence (Wedding), while the omnipotent Universe, run by the Spirit, sends the narrator a system of paradigms for proper appropriate decoding (Universe)…
The natural qualities of water (hýdōr), discovered especially in the conditions of the Ancient Near East, gave rise to its metaphorical, symbolic presentation in the Old Testament tradition. Giving it, then, means providing someone with life and all kinds of blessings. Theologically, the giving of water symbolizes granting of the blessing that in its entirety was expected in the messianic times. Water acquired a special significance also in the context of ritual washing: washing with water meant spiritual washing, on moral grounds. The Old Testament also shows the connection of water (hýdōr) with the reality of the spirit (pneúma) (see Isa 44:3; Ezek 36:25–27; Joel 3:1–2). In this context, “spirit” (Heb: rûaḥ) was seen as God’s gift to man (Heb: rûaḥ YHWH; rûaḥ ʼĕlōḥîm). The close relationship between “water” and “the Spirit” is set out in the Fourth Gospel (see John 7:37–39). Taking into account the relationship between “water” and “the Spirit” in the context of the entire biblical tradition, especially the Fourth Gospel, it can be assumed that in the phrase: gennēthḗ(i) eks hýdatos kaí pneúmatos, both terms: hýdōr and pneúma, refer to one and the same reality that is, spiritual (supernatural) births caused by the Spirit. The exposed element, which is “water”, is to define the circumstances in which this “birth of water and the Spirit” takes place. These circumstances are present in the sacrament of Baptism. It should be remembered, however, that the description contained in the pericope “Conversations of Jesus with Nicodemus” – as some exegetes noted – should not be treated as an account of the institution of the sacrament of baptism, or of giving details related to the ritual side, because the author o the Fourth Gospel primarily intended to show the effects of the saving action of this sacrament.
PL
Występująca w dialogu Jezusa z Nikodemem fraza gennēthḗ(i) eks hýdatos kaí pneúmatos (J 3, 5) ma głębokie znaczenie teologiczne. Jej przesłanie wynika z poszczególnych terminów: hýdōr („woda”), pneúma („duch”), które w tradycji biblijnej posiadają bogatą symbolikę, nabudowaną na ich dosłownym znaczeniu. Teksty ksiąg biblijnych, a zwłaszcza czwarta Ewangelia, ukazują ścisły związek pomiędzy rzeczywistościami, które wyrażają oba terminy. We frazie gennēthḗ(i) eks hýdatos kaí pneúmatos terminy hýdōr i pneúma odnoszą się do tej samej rzeczywistości, czyli duchowych (nadprzyrodzonych) narodzin, których sprawcą jest Duch. Wzmianka o „wodzie” ma za zadanie dookreślenie okoliczności, w których dokonuje się owo „zrodzenie z wody i Ducha”. Okoliczności te zachodzą w kontekście sakramentu chrztu.
So in den einzelnen Begriffen wie im ganzen Klima der Perikope Jes 32, 15-20 kommt ihre starke eschatologische Prägung zum Ausdruck. In dieser endzeitlichen Epoche wird „der Geist von Höhe” die entscheidende Rolle spielen, der auf das neue Gottesvolk ausgegossen werden soll. Seine zukünftige Wirkung gilt aber merkwürdiger Weise nicht zuerst den Menschen, sondern verändert völlig die Natur. Es entsteht ein idealer Lebensraum, wo dann unter dem Einfluß des Geistes wesentlich neue Verhältnisse zu Gott und den anderen herrschen werden. In diesem Bild ist eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit zum Schöpfungsbericht vom Gen 1-2 zu sehen. Am wahrscheinlichsten hat solche Gestaltung Jes 32, 15-20 hier ihren Grund. Auf diese Weise klingt die Endzeit an die harmonische Paradieszeit an.
The article describes the action of the Holy Spirit within a human being − through the intellect and beyond the intellect. Describes the three experiences of the Carmelite saints: M. Magdalena de Pazzi (16th c.), Maria Baouardy (19th c.) and Edyta Stein (20th c.). The first two suffered from temporal diabolical oppressions. The author of the text explains that at some moments God may suspend human reason to protect a person on the spiritual plane. The hardest experiences − if they are lived with God − allow us to come to a deep unity with Him, to the transforming unification.
PL
Artykuł opisuje działanie Ducha Świętego wewnątrz człowieka – poprzez intelekt oraz poza intelektem. Opisuje trzy doświadczenia świętych karmelitanek: M. Magdaleny de Pazzi (XVI w.), Marii Baouardy (XIX w.) oraz Edyty Stein (XX w.). Dwie pierwsze cierpiały z powodu czasowych opętań diabolicznych. Autor tekstu wyjaśnia, że w niektórych momentach Bóg może zawiesić ludzki rozum, by ochronić osobę na płaszczyźnie duchowej. Najcięższe doświadczenia – jeśli są przeżyte z Bogiem – pozwalają dojść do głębokiej z Nim jedności, do zjednoczenia przeobrażającego.
The author analyses Jesus’ baptism in Jordan, looking for its parallel in the Christian baptism. He begins by acknowledging the historicity of Jesus’ baptism and reflects on the meaning of the baptism of John by juxtaposing it with similar rites described in the Old Testament texts, in Second Temple Jewish literature, and in rabbinical sources. Then he analyses the meaning of Jesus’ baptism, criticizing the historical-critical interpretations that separate the scene of baptism from the theophany that follows it. According to the author, such an operation is unfounded due to the nature of ancient texts and the literary and thematic continuity between baptism and theophany in the synoptic Gospels. Further, the author presents arguments demonstrating that Jesus comes to Jordan already aware of his identity and mission, which the Father’s voice announces to others and objectivizes. In the last step, it is argued that Jesus’ baptism in Jordan together with the Lord’s death and resurrection could have been a point of reference for the early Christian understanding of baptism connected with the gift of the Spirit, with the filial dignity and the “Abba” prayer and with the inheritance of heaven. All these elements can be found in Rom 8:14-17,23 which describes the new life of those baptized in Christ.
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The paper focuses on an analysis of the anthropological Word-Faith movement and its participation or identification doctrine which is closely connected to their understanding of redemption and human deification. A brief introduction and an overview of the current debate about the topic is also included in the analysis. The works of E. W. Kenyon, K. Hagin and K. Copeland represent the main source of material, as they all are considered the most influential representatives of this movement.
John among the evangelists is not only designed with the image of eagle, but also from the first centuries on, he still is called in the East as John the Theologian. From his school came the first systematic theologian Irenaeus of Lugdunum in Gaul (now Lyons in France), who in his native Smyrna had been a disciple of the bishop Polycarp, a formerly listener of John himself, when this lived in Ephesus. The teaching about the Holy Spirit, and especially about His eternal procession is built upon his writings; and beside the biblical inspiration he received a special gift of the Spirit „who spoke trough the prophets”. His aboundant message is invaluable not only for theology, but also to her shoot, which should be spirituality, first of all the priestly and seminarian one, all the more because John was the only unmarried apostle, becoming – also in this respect – a paragon for the Roman Catholic clergy.
PL
Parmi les auteurs des livres du Nouveau Testament il n’y a aucun qu’ait écrit plus abondement et plus profondement sur l’Esprit Saint que l’apôtre Jean. C’est pourquoi en Orient chrétien à partir des prémiers siècle jusqu’à nos jours il est appelé Jean le Théologien.
In the present article, the author employs rhetorical method to analyze the coherence of Paul’s argumentation on the new life in Christ in Rom 5–8. First, the topic of new life is examined in the global context of the dispositio rhetorica of Rom 5–8. The three dangers to which the gift of new life is exposed are: 1) the slavery of sin (Rom 6), 2) the defective human self-righteousness (Rom 7,7-25), and 3) the suffering and corruption of the present world (Rom 8,19-23). At the end, the role of the Spirit in Rom 5–8 is discussed. He is the one that liberates mankind from the triple slavery and leads to the fullness of new life, which is to be revealed in the Kingdom of God. The rhetorical reading shows the coherent strategy of Paul who describes the gift of new life in a germinal state, which calls for man’s reliance on the Spirit and the Spirit empowered deeds.
PL
In the present article the author with the use of rhetorical method analyzes the coherence of Paul’s argumentation on new life in Rom 5 – 8. First, the topic of new life is examined in the global context of the dispositio rhetorica in Rom 5 - 8. The three dangers to the gift of new life distinguished by the author are: 1) the slavery of sin (Rom 6), 2) the defective human self-righteousness (Rom 7,7-25), and 3) the suffering and corruption of the present world (Rom 8,19-23). At the end, the role of the Spirit in Rom 5 – 8 is explained. He is the one that liberates mankind from the triple slavery and leads to the fullness of new life, which is to be revealed in the Kingdom of God. The rhetorical reading shows the coherent strategy of Paul who describes the gift of new life in a germinal state, which calls for man’s reliance on the Spirit and the Spirit empowered deeds.
The hierarchical and charismatic gifts that we read in the New Testament are necessary for the new ecclesial associations to renew and develop the Church. The foundation of this development is the cooperation between the church hierarchy and the charismatics, elaborated extensively in the letter Iuvenescit Ecclesia. It is not possible without the help of the Holy Spirit who heals and builds human bonds. We see such cooperation between pastors and charismatics in the history of the Church, in the formation of religious orders and ecclesial movements. The Second Vatican Council brought a new breath of the Holy Spirit in the form of the birth of associations of the faithful, ecclesial movements and new communities, showing the power of charisms and the freshness of God’s action in the Church. One of them is the Catholic Renewal in the Holy Spirit, which, opening itself to the gifts of the Holy Spirit, carried and carries the gift of renewal of human hearts and the experience of God’s presence. It is still in demand among the laity, therefore its power should enter the bloodstream of the Church so that it can continue to evangelize and change human hearts. The experience of the founders of church movements and its participants is a clear testimony for God-hungry people.
PL
Dary hierarchiczne i charyzmatyczne, które odczytujemy w Nowym Testamencie, są konieczne, aby nowe stowarzyszenia eklezjalne odnawiały się i rozwijały Kościół. Fundamentem tego rozwoju jest współpraca między hierarchią kościelną a charyzmatykami obszernie opracowana w liście Iuvenescit Ecclesia. Nie jest ona możliwa bez pomocy Ducha Świętego, który uzdrawia i buduje ludzkie więzi. Taką współpracę między pasterzami a charyzmatykami zauważamy w historii Kościoła, w tworzeniu zakonów i ruchów kościelnych. Sobór Watykański II przyniósł na nowo powiew Ducha Świętego w postaci narodzin zrzeszeń wiernych, ruchów kościelnych i nowych wspólnot, ukazując moc charyzmatów i świeżość Bożego działania w Kościele. Jednym z nich jest Katolicka Odnowa w Duchu Świętym, która otwierając się na dary Ducha Świętego, niosła i niesie dar odnowy ludzkich serc i doświadczenie obecności Boga. Znajduje ona wciąż zapotrzebowanie wśród świeckich, dlatego jej moc winna przedostać się do krwioobiegu Kościoła, by mógł on dalej ewangelizować i zmieniać ludzkie serca. Doświadczenie założycieli ruchów kościelnych i jego uczestników stanowi czytelne świadectwo dla głodnych Boga ludzi.
The Holy Spirit, by giving believers many gifts, contributes to rejuvenation of the Church community. What is the essence of rejuvenation of the Church communion and what are its dimensions? The fruit of the Holy Spirit's action is a deep relationship with God and people − that is, love, expressing itself in all kinds of virtues − and ever deeper participation in the evangelical mission of Christ. The Holy Spirit makes the Church more Trinitarian, more evangelical, more Eucharistic, more ecumenical and more eschatological.
PL
Duch Święty, udzielając wierzącym wielorakich darów, przyczynia się do odmłodzenia wspólnoty Kościoła. Co stanowi istotę odmłodzenia communio Kościoła i jakie posiada wymiary? Owocem działania Ducha Świętego jest głęboka więź z Bogiem i ludźmi – to znaczy miłość, wyrażająca się we wszelkich rodzajach cnót – a także coraz głębsze uczestniczenie w ewangelicznej misji Chrystusa. Duch Święty czyni Kościół bardziej trynitarnym, bardziej ewangelicznym, bardziej eucharystycznym, bardziej ekumenicznym oraz bardziej eschatologicznym.
The article presents a few remarks and reflections of Juliusz Słowacki, referring to the Spirit and people: Poles and Russians, based on his works "Genesis of the Spirit" and "King-Spirit". Słowacki, being impressed by the strength and creative possibilities of the Spirit, deeply believed in the future greatness of the Poles and the positive transformation of the Russians. I At such an optimistic assumption of other meaning from deliberations and debates about the future, taken in the Polish political life of the fortieth years of the 19th century issues are picking up the Polish, Russian nation, the mankind and world. With opinion of Słowacki, the manner of existing of these phenomena was similar - a Ghost conscripted temporarily for example into some material form is conditioning them, the same ideas of the change are ruling them. All events, both about the political, historical, as well as cosmic dimension, are subordinated to the activity of the Ghost ruling world.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kilka uwag i refleksji Juliusza Słowackiego, odnoszących się do Ducha i ludzi: Polaków i Rosjan, w oparciu o jego dzieła Genezis z Duchai Król-Duch. Słowacki, będąc pod wrażeniem siły i twórczych możliwości Ducha, głęboko wierzył w przyszłą wielkość Polaków i pozytywną transformację Rosjan. Przy takim optymistycznym założeniu innego znaczenia od rozważań i dysput o przyszłości, podejmowanych w polskim życiu politycznym lat 40. XIX w., nabiera problematyka narodu polskiego, rosyjskiego, ludzkości i świata. Zdaniem Słowackiego, sposób istnienia tych zjawisk był podobny – warunkuje je Duch wcielony chwilowo na przykład w jakąś materialną postać, rządzą nimi te same idee zmiany. Wszystkie wydarzenia, zarówno o wymiarze politycznym, historycznym, jak i kosmicznym, są podporządkowane aktywności Ducha rządzącego światem.
Parmi les auteurs des livres du Nouveau Testament il n’y a aucun qu’ait écrit plus abondement et plus profondement sur l’Esprit Saint que l’apôtre Jean. C’est pourquoi en Orient chrétien à partir des prémiers siècle jusqu’à nos jours il est appelé Jean le Théologien
PL
Wyróżnienie Jana wśród ewangelistów znakiem orła idzie w parze z bardzo wczesnym, a do dzisiaj istniejącym zwyczajem określania go na Wschodzie imieniem Jana Teologa. Z jego szkoły wyszedł pierwszy teolog systematyczny, Ireneusz Lioński, który w Smyrnie był uczniem biskupa Polikarpa, a ten – słuchaczem samego Jana, gdy on mieszkał w Efezie. Nauczanie o Duchu Świętym, a zwłaszcza o Jego pochodzeniu odwiecznym, opiera się niemal w całości na jego pismach; a przy natchnieniu biblijnym jego udziałemna wyspie Patmos stał się szczególny dar tegoż Ducha, „który mówił przez proroków”. Jego obfite przesłanie jest bezcenne nie tylko dla teologii, lecz także dla jej odrośli, którą powinna być duchowość, począwszy od kapłańskiej i seminaryjnej, tym bardziej że Jan był jedynym apostołem bezżennym, stając się także w tym względzie wzorem dla duchowieństwa rzymskokatolickiego
EN
John among the evangelists is not only designed with the image of eagle, but also from the first centuries on, he still is called in the East as John the Theologian. From his school came the first systematic theologian Irenaeus of Lugdunum in Gaul (now Lyons in France), who in his native Smyrna had been a disciple of the bishop Polycarp, a formerly listener of John himself, when this lived in Ephesus. The teaching about the Holy Spirit, and especially about His eternal procession is built upon his writings; and beside the biblical inspiration he received a special gift of the Spirit „who spoke trough the prophets”. His aboundant message is invaluable not only for theology, but also to her shoot, which should be spirituality, first of all the priestly and seminarian one, all the more because John was the only unmarried apostle, becoming – also in this respect – a paragon for the Roman Catholic clergy.
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