Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in the Pearl River Estuary and northern shelf of the South China Sea

100%

Deich C. , Kanwischer M. , Zhang R. , Waniek J. J.

Oceanologia

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2023

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tom Vol. 65 (1)

30--43

EN

Endocrine disrupting compounds and in particular estrogenic substances have the ability to interact with the hormone system of organisms. Among them are not only synthetic but also natural substances that potentially stress the aquatic ecosystem. High human population densities such as around the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) are suspected of exerting significant anthropogenic pressure onto coastal areas. In this study, natural and synthetic estrogens as well as estrogen-like substances derived from plants and fungi were investigated in the PRE and at the adjacent northern shelf of the South China Sea. Maximum concentration of 3.6 ng L−1 for estrone (E1), 0.7 ng L−1 for 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 12.9 ng L−1 for genistein (GEN), 11.9 ng L−1 for daidzein (DAI) and 1.9 ng L−1 for zearalenone (ZEN) were observed. While E1 and EE2 were detected in fresh and saltwater samples, GEN, DAI and ZEN were observed only at freshwater sampling sites. During the investigations, the analysis of 17β-estradiol (E2) and EE2 indicated a strong matrix dependence. Additionally, an estrogen screen observation showed estrogenic activity in form of estradiol equivalent quotients up to 0.18 ng L−1.

2

The scenarios of the possible development in the South China Sea in response to Award of the Permanent Court of Arbitration

100%

Žigray J.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2016

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tom 24(24)

178-211

EN

Recent decision of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague about territorial dispute between Philippines and China pushes the development in the South China Sea to the next stage. In terms of international law, this decision does not have an efficiency for China because China did not accept and rejected it. But it is sufficiently strong impulse for reaction of parties involved in disputes in the SCS, for outsiders as well as for international organizations, in particular ASEAN. One of the reasons for expected reactions of actors is their growing interest in using the disputed area and adjacent waters in favor of their own regional development. The work aims to outline scenarios for the development of SCS region which are important from global perspective and therefore for the EU too.

3

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnusalbacares) fishing ground forecasting model based on bayes classifier in the South China Sea

100%

Zhou W. , Li A. , Ji S. , Qiu Y.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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tom S 2

140--146

EN

Using the yellowfin tuna (Thunnusalbacares,YFT)longline fishing catch data in the open South China Sea (SCS) provided by WCPFC, the optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (OISST) from CPC/NOAA and multi-satellites altimetric monthly averaged product sea surface height (SSH) released by CNES, eight alternative options based on Bayes classifier were made in this paper according to different strategies on the choice of environment factors and the levels of fishing zones to classify the YFT fishing ground in the open SCS. The classification results were compared with the actual ones for validation and analyzed to know how different plans impact on classification results and precision. The results of validation showed that the precision of the eight options were 71.4%, 75%, 70.8%, 74.4%, 66.7%, 68.5%, 57.7% and 63.7% in sequence, the first to sixth among them above 65% would meet the practical application needs basically. The alternatives which use SST and SSH simultaneously as the environmental factors have higher precision than which only use single SST environmental factor, and the consideration of adding SSH can improve the model precision to a certain extent. The options which use CPUE’s mean ± standard deviation as threshold have higher precision than which use CPUE’s 33.3%-quantile and 66.7%-quantile as the threshold

4

Toward downscaling oceanic hydrodynamics : suitability of a high-resolution OGCM for describing regional ocean variability in the South China Sea

100%

Zhang M. , Storch H. v.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom No. 59 (2)

166--176

EN

We suggest to transfer the empirical downscaling methodology, which was developed mostly for atmospheric dynamics and impacts, to regional ocean problems. The major problem for doing so is the availability of decades-long and homogeneous and spatially detailed data sets. We have examined the performance of the STORM multidecadal simulation, which was run on a 0.1° grid and forced with 1950–2010 NCEP re-analyses, in the South China Sea and found the data suitable. For demonstration we build with this STORM-data downscaling model for the regional throughflow. The STORM data is compared with AVISO satellite observations and the ocean re-analysis dataset C-GLORS. We find the seasonal patterns and the inter-annual variability of sea surface height anomaly in both the C-GLORS data and the STORM simulation consistent with the AVISO-satellite data. Also the strong westward intensification and the seasonal patterns of South China Sea circulation steered by the monsoon have been presented well. As an important indicator of vertical movement, the sea surface temperature distribution maps are also very close, especially for the narrow upwelling region in summer. We conclude that the output of the STORM simulation is realistically capturing both the large-scale as well as the small-scale dynamical features in the South China Sea.

5

Ambient noise induced by large-amplitude internal waves in the ocean

100%

Serebryany A. , Aredov A. , Okhrimenko N.

Hydroacoustics

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2009

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tom Vol. 12

209-216

EN

Experimental data on the ambient noise generated by large-amplitude internal waves in the ocean are considered. The data are obtained by us during oceanic expeditions in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. In both cases the generation of noise was caused by solitary internal waves with 50-m amplitudes. The internal waves were accompanied by strong orbital currents (up to 1.5 m/s) which created intense convergence with choppy surface waves at the sea surface. Simultaneous observations of internal waves and parameters of the ambient noise were carried out from a drifting vessel during calm weather. In both cases, the increase in the level of the ambient noise coincided with the passages of internal waves. The analysis of experimental data and the data of numerically modeling are presented.

6

Spór o archipelagi na Morzu Południowochińskim a bezpieczeństwo Azji Wschodniej

100%

Modzelewski A.

Forum Politologiczne

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2008

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tom 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość

221-262

EN

The South China Sea archipelagos dispute, which concerns the four archipelagos - the Pratas Islands, the Macclesfield Bank, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands, influences East Asian security. There aren’t natural resources on islands, rocks, atolls, reefs, cays and shoals which constitute these archipelagos and in principle they cannot be inhabited. However, the four archipelagos are the subject of dispute and all parties use different arguments to substantiate their claims to these territories and make efforts to establish sovereignty over them. They take action which poses a threat to security of sea lanes of communication, freedom to flow and other parties« energy security, food security, ecology security and military security. Undetermined status of the disputed territories and - what is the most important - their economic and strategic importance creates a great number of threats to East Asian security. The Spratly Islands dispute is the most burning question, but efforts which have been made by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in the Post-Cold War Era had some positive effects. The People’s Republic of China s attitude will be the key to solve the archipelagos problem in the future. Presently Beijing s attitude to- ward the Spratly Islands is not so implacable like it was in the middle of the 90. However, the People’s Republic of China didn’t resign to establish sovereignty over the whole archipelago.

7

The artificial islands of Vietnam in the South China Sea

100%

Kościelniak K.

Reality of Politics

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2023

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nr 25

47-62

EN

The militarisation of the South China Sea has specific implications for the regional security situation. The construction of artificial islands and platforms by the states of the region leads, on the one hand, to the assertion of their possessions and the enhancement of their security and, on the other hand, contributes to rising tensions in the region. The construction of such facilities by Vietnam goes unchallenged, there is no criticism and even some support – not so with China. Most countries see Vietnam as the country most able to stand up to its large neighbour. Vietnam otherwise operates more slowly and on a smaller scale, so it is commonly seen as defensive as it builds on islands that have belonged to Hanoi for decades and are close to the mainland coast.

8

The Background of the Disputes over the South China Sea Islands

100%

Kościelniak K.

Reality of Politics

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2014

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nr 5

11-19

EN

In the light of the official statements made by the capitals of its coastal states, there is probably not a single centimetre of free space left in this sea, to which a claim has not been issued. In some parts of the sea, the claims of three, four of even five states overlap, creating a truly Gordian knot. The significance of the South China Sea causes that if the dispute over the archipelagos is not settled by implementing peaceful methods and means, at the negotiation table, East Asia region is likely to become a potential source of destabilisation and conflict whose size, in respect to the location and the number of parties directly or indirectly engaged in the dispute might turn out to be extremely hazardous.

9

Some Comments on Vietnam’s Security in the 21st Century

100%

Kościelniak K.

Reality of Politics

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2019

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nr 10

71-78

EN

The main objective set by many countries is ensuring security. The means to accomplish this goal are the armed forces, obliged to guarantee safe functioning of the state and its citizens. There are states, for which maintaining a powerful, modern army has enormous significance for their superpower status, for their preparedness to a potential conflict or as a deterrent for the neighbouring states. Therefore, in the following text I will deal with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, because of its history, and especially due to the region where it is situated - one of the hottest places on Earth, full of misunderstandings, disputes and conflicts causing that the states situated there, including Vietnam, are modernising their armies.

10

Netz-Phytoplankton Diversity in the western and southern regions of the South China Sea

88%

Liu H. , Sun J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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tom Vol. 44, No. 4

530--538

EN

Based on the survey records on netz-phytoplankton (>76 μm) collected in the South China Sea (SCS) during the cruise from the 21st August to the 18th October, 2012, the species composition, biodiversity and its spatial distribution were studied. The identified 326 phytoplankton species belonged to 75 genera and 4 phyla. Thalassionema nitzschioides was the most dominant species accounting for 33.24% of the total cell abundance, followed by Bacteriastrum furcatum − 8.69%. Whereas the phytoplankton cell abundance (cells l-1) was the highest in the Zhubi Reef (1106.45 ± 2475.38), the southern SCS (396.84 ± 969.87), the western SCS (90.82 ± 144.66) and the northern SCS (66.48 ± 70.89) in order. The distribution of phytoplankton appears to be affected by the Mekong river discharge and particles derived in Sumatra and Kalimantan from biomass burning, nutrient concentrations, the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC). The evaluation of biodiversity indices indicated the high level of species richness, evenness and biodiversity in the survey area.

11

Correlation between δ13C and δ15N in flying fish (Exocoetus volitans) muscle and scales from the South China Sea

88%

Wu L. , Xu L. , Sun J. , Wang X. , Wei Y. , Li Y. , Liu X.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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tom Vol. 46, No. 3

307--313

EN

We collected flying fish (Exocoetus volitans) from the South China Sea to determine whether fish scale isotope values correlate with those from muscle, and discuss relevant eco-environmental implications. A significant positive correlation was determined between fish scales and muscle δ13C and δ15N, rendering a fish scale an alternative to muscle tissue for stable isotope analysis. However, muscle and scale isotopic offsets should be fully considered when using δ13C and δ15N to analyze the actual trophic level of fish and their food source. The average offsets of δ13C and δ15N between muscles and scales are -2.1 ± 0.5‰ and 2.3 ± 0.6‰, respectively, though these values vary slightly with fish mass. Weak correlations were found between δ13C and δ15N, both in the flying fish muscle and scales, suggesting that other factors are influencing δ13C and δ15N. Fish δ15N also correlates with the size of individuals, while δ13C reflects the marine habitat. Based on our data, it appears that more eco-environmental processes can be revealed from modern or ancient flying fish scales.

12

“Noise” in climatologically driven ocean models with different grid resolution

88%

Tang S. , von Storch H. , Chen X. , Zhang M.

Oceanologia

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2019

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tom No. 61 (3)

300--307

EN

The internally generated variability in the climate system, which is unrelated to any external factors, can be conceptualized as “noise”. This noise is a constitutive element of high-dimensional nonlinear models of such systems. In a three-layer nested simulation, which is forced by climatological (periodic) atmospheric forcing and includes an (almost) global model, a West-Pacific model, and South China Sea (SCS) model, we demonstrate that such “noise” builds also ocean models. They generate variability by themselves without an external forcing. The “noise” generation intensifies with higher resolution, which favors macroturbulence.

13

Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality and phytoplankton characteristics in Daya Bay, China, from 1999 to 2002

88%

Wang Y.-S. , Lou Z.-P. , Sun C.-C. , Wu M.-L. , Han S.-H.

Oceanologia

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2006

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tom No. 48 (2)

193-211

EN

This study analyzed seasonal physicochemical and phytoplankton data collected at 12 marine monitoring stations in Daya Bay from 1999 to 2002. Cluster analysis based on water quality and phytoplankton parameters measured at the 12 stations could be grouped into three clusters: cluster I - stations S1, S2, S7 and S11 in the southern part and the north-eastern part of Daya Bay; cluster II - stations S5, S6, S9, S10 and S12 in the central and north-eastern parts of Daya Bay; cluster III - stations S3, S4 and S8 in the cage culture areas in the south-western part of Daya Bay and in the north-western part of the Bay near Aotou harbor. Bivariate correlations between phytoplankton density and the major physical and nutrient factors were calculated for all stations. Factor analysis shows that there were high positive loadings of pH, TIN and the ratio of TIN to PO4-P in the three clusters, which indicates that all the stations in the three clusters were primarily grouped according to their respective nutrient conditions.

14

Using chemometrics to identify water quality in Daya Bay, China

88%

Wu M.-L. , Wang Y.-S. , Sun C.-C. , Wang H. , Lou Z.-P. , Dong J.-D.

Oceanologia

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2009

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tom No. 51 (2)

217-232

EN

In this paper, chemometric approaches based on cluster analysis, classical and robust principal component analysis were employed to identify water quality in Daya Bay (DYB), China. The results show that these approaches divided water quality in DYB into two groups: stations S3, S8, S10 and S11 belong to cluster A, which lie in Dapeng Cove, Aotou Harbor and the north-eastern part of DYB, where water quality is related mainly to anthropogenic activities. The other stations belong to cluster B, which lie in the southern, central and eastern parts of DYB, where the quality is related mainly to water exchange with the South China Sea. Cluster analysis yields good results as a first exploratory method for evaluating spatial difference, but it fails to demonstrate the relationship between variables and environmental quality on the one hand and the untreated data on the other. However, with the aid of suitable chemometric approaches, the relationship between samples or variables can be investigated. Classical and robust principal component analysis can provide a visual aid for identifying the water environment in DYB, and then extracting specific information about relationships between variables and spatial variation trends in water quality.

15

Analysis and Modelling on Radiated Noise of a Typical Fishing Boat Measured in Shallow Water Inspired by AQUO Project’s Model

88%

Peng Z. , Fan J. , Wang B.

Archives of Acoustics

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2018

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tom Vol. 43, No. 2

263--273

EN

The shipping noise near channels and ports is an important contribution to the ambient noise level, and the depth of these sites is often less than 100 m. However less attention has been paid to the measurement in shallow water environments (Brooker, Humphrey, 2016). This paper presents extensive measurements made on the URN (underwater radiated noise) of a small fishing boat in the South China Sea with 87 m depth. The URN data showed that the noise below 30 Hz was dominated by the background noise. The transmission loss (TL) was modelled with FEM (finite element method) and ray tracing according to the realistic environmental parameters in situ. The discrepancy between the modelled results and the results using simple law demonstrates both sea surface and bottom have significant effect on TL for the shallow water, especially at low frequencies. Inspired by the modelling methodology in AQUO (Achieve QUieter Oceans) project (Audoly et al., 2015), a predicted model applied to a typical fishing boat was built, which showed that the URN at frequencies below and above 100 Hz was dominated by non-cavitation propeller noise and mechanical noise, respectively. The agreement between predicted results and measured results also demonstrates that this modelling methodology is effective to some extent.

16

Demonstration of a new indicator for studying upwelling in the northern South China Sea

88%

Lin L. , Wang Y.-S. , Sun C.-C. , Li N. , Wang H. , Mitchell B. G. , Wu M.-L. , Song H. , Wu J.-F.

Oceanologia

|

2011

|

tom No. 53 (2)

605-622

EN

In order to demonstrate that silicate can be used as an indicator to study upwelling in the northern South China Sea, hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) and principle component analysis (PCA) were applied to analyse the metrics of the data consisting of 14 physical-chemical-biological parameters at 32 stations. CA categorized the 32 stations into two groups (low and high nutrient groups). PCA was applied to identify five Principal Components (PCs) explaining 78.65% of the total variance of the original data. PCA found important factors that can describe nutrient sources in estuarine, upwelling, and non-upwelling areas. PC4, representing the upwelling source, is strongly correlated to silicate (SiO3-Si). The spatial distribution of silicate from the surface to 200 m depth clearly showed the upwelling regions, which is also supported by satellite observations of sea surface temperature.

17

Current International Situation in the South China Sea the Path to Confrontation?

88%

Kościelniak K.

Reality of Politics

|

2013

|

nr 4

138-149

EN

In recent years, the South China Sea area has become the arena of competition between the countries of Southeast Asia that set up claims to maritime areas and the islands, and, all the more, want to control and exploit what can be found under the seabed, namely the deposits of oil and gas. The situation in the area cannot even be resolved by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 1982). Apart from the resources found in the sea and under the seabed, this body of water is an important shipping route, which makes it a strategically significant area for each of the countries located there, or those whose interests involve the South China Sea. In this work, I describe the current situation in the waters of South China Sea: whether the countries bordering it strive for conflict or just secure their interests. It turns out each of the states will set up demands to the islands on this sea and especially to everything that lives in the sea and is to be found under the seabed. Minor, and also more significant incidents will happen, but it does not seem likely that any serious open conflict between the states of the region will break out in the close future. None of the countries pursues it and they do everything they can to maintain the status quo.

18

Diverse feeding ecology and habitat use in coral reef fishes in the Malaysian South China Sea, as revealed by liver fatty acid composition

75%

Arai T. , Amalina R. , Bachok Z.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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tom Vol. 44, No. 1

120--126

EN

Fatty acid analysis was used to understand feeding ecology and habitat use of coral reef fishes in six families: Lutjanidae (Lutjanus lutjanus), Labridae (Thalassoma lunare), Nemipteridae (Scolopsis affinis, S. monogramma), Pomacentridae (Abudefduf bengalensis, A. sexfasciatus, A. viagiensis), Scaridae (Scarus quoyi, S. quoyi, S. rivulatus, S. ghobban) and Serrandae (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Cephalopholis cyanostigma, C. boenak) collected on the Bidong Island of the Malaysian South China Sea. The percentage of saturated fatty acids (ΣSAFA) ranged from 58.0% to 62.5%, with the highest values in fatty acids, the second highest percentage values were those of monounsaturated fatty acids (ΣMUFA) and they ranged from 25.7% to 38.9%, and the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFA) had the lowest values, i.e. from 2.7% to 13.2%. ΣMUFA and ΣPUFA were significantly different between families, while ΣSAFA did not differ. These results indicate diverse feeding ecology and habitat use during the fish life history in relation to physiological condition, sexual development, and recent feeding events in the coral reef habitats in the Malaysian South China Sea.

19

Dertermining maritime search area in the search and rescue responsibility region of Vietnam in extreme monsoon conditions

75%

Burciu Z. , Tran Luu H.

Archives of Transport

|

2007

|

tom Vol. 19, iss. 1-2

17-25

EN

In the maritime search and rescue responsibility region of Vietnam (on the South China Sea), there are two monsoon seasons in opposite direction and contrary character in two halves of the year: North East monsoon season (cold season) and South West monsoon season (warm season). During monsoon seasons, wind is rather stable and strong, for determining search area, the application of one-dimensional models gives smaller search area as compared with the search area determined in accordance with recommendations in lAMSAR Manual of IMO/ICAO.

PL

W wietnamskim obszarze odpowiedzialności na Morzu Południowo Chińskim są dwie monsunowe pory: północno-wschodnia pora monsunowa (zima) i południowo-zachodnia pora monsunowa (lato). Podczas monsunów w obszarze tym wieją silne wiatry o stałym kierunku. Do wyznaczania obszaru poszukiwania zastosowano modele jednowymiarowe, które umożliwiają zmniejszenie obszaru poszukiwania w stosunku do obszarów wyznaczonych zgodnie z zaleceniami w podręczniku lAMSAR IMO/ICAO.

20

Toward downscaling oceanic hydrodynamics - suitability of a high-resolution OGCM for describing regional ocean variability in the South China Sea

75%

Zhang M. , von Storch H.

Oceanologia

|

2017

|

tom 59

|

nr 2

EN

We suggest to transfer the empirical downscaling methodology, which was developed mostly for atmospheric dynamics and impacts, to regional ocean problems. The major problem for doing so is the availability of decades-long and homogeneous and spatially detailed data sets. We have examined the performance of the STORM multidecadal simulation, which was run on a 0.18 grid and forced with 1950—2010 NCEP re-analyses, in the South China Sea and found the data suitable. For demonstration we build with this STORM-data downscaling model for the regional throughflow. The STORM data is compared with AVISO satellite observations and the ocean re-analysis dataset C-GLORS. We find the seasonal patterns and the inter-annual variability of sea surface height anomaly in both the C-GLORS data and the STORM simulation consistent with the AVISO- satellite data. Also the strong westward intensification and the seasonal patterns of South China Sea circulation steered by the monsoon have been presented well. As an important indicator of vertical movement, the sea surface temperature distribution maps are also very close, especially for the narrow upwelling region in summer. We conclude that the output of the STORM simulation is realistically capturing both the large-scale as well as the small-scale dynamical features in the South China Sea.