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THE ORIGINS AND WAVES OF TERRORISM

100%

Chojnowski L.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

2017

nr 4

The level of publicity on issues related to terrorism means that in opinions of many it has become one of the main problems of the modern world. But in reality, the phenomenon of terrorism has been present in societies almost from the beginning of human history and its perception may not have changed so much over time. The paper presents the genesis and waves of terrorism throughout history, with special emphasis on the beginning of this phenomenon identified with the activity of Sicarii organisation in the first century; the birth of modern terrorism at the end of the 18th century; its intensification in the interwar period and in the second half of the twentieth century.

Leḥerut Yerushalayim: The Temple at the Time of the Bar Kokhba War

51%

Girardin M.

2019

tom 26

159-176

In the third year of his fight against Rome (134/135 CE), Bar Kokhba minted coins with the slogan “leḥerut Yerushalayim: For the freedom of Jerusalem”. In this paper, I argue that what was meant by this expression was not the geographic place but a powerful idea: the worship center of the Jewish identity. Jerusalem as a slogan seems to be a metonymy for the temple, and the temple was the link between God and the Jews. By proclaiming the necessity to liberate Jerusalem, Bar Kokhba actually tried to regroup all the Jews under his banner, exploiting the theocratic ideals and the eschatological hopes of the time. However, the documents found in the desert reveal that this propagandist expectancy was not universally shared by his own troops. For the political needs of the leader, “Jerusalem” was probably the best slogan possible, but it appears to have meant little in real life, even perhaps in the eyes of Bar Kokhba himself.