Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The effect of the age of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands on the physical properties of seeds and the operating parameters of cleaning machines

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Kaliniewicz Z. , Rawa T. , Tylek P. , Markowski P. , Anders A. , Fura S.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2013

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tom nr 16(1)

63--72

EN

Critical transport velocity, the thickness, width, length, the angle of sliding friction and weight of Scots pine seeds harvested from conservation seed stands were measured. Correlations were determined between the age of parent stands (124 to 180 years old) and the above parameters of Scots pine seeds. Significant correlations were found between the age of parents stands and the weight, dimensions and the angle of sliding friction of seeds. Such a correlation was not observed for critical transport velocity. The noted correlations were presented as first-order equations which show that among the studied seed properties, average seed weight changed to the highest degree – it decreased by ca. 15% as Scots pine trees grew older.

2

Influence of thermal modification of Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) on color changes

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Jankowska A. , Kozakiewicz P.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2014

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tom No. 88

92--96

EN

Influence of thermal modification of Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) on color changes. This study describes experiments of testing color of heat treated wood samples. Heat treatment was done at 150, 160, 170 i 180 °C during 2,5 h in over heated steam. Color measurement was made according CIE LCh system. The experiment show that thermally treatment caused darkening of wood. The higher temperature of modification is, the greater changes in color are and difference between sapwood and heartwood are lower. Heartwood of Scots pine showed higher changes than sapwood.

3

Effect of thermal conditions and precipitation on growth rate of Scots pine

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Biniak-Pieróg M. , Żyromski A. , Rolbiecki R. , Rolbiecki S. , Żyromski M. , Żmuda R.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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tom Vol. 17, nr 5

1--8

EN

The aim of the experiment presented in this paper is to assess the relationship between the height and diameter increase rate and the thermal conditions and precipitation during its growth. The experiment was carried out in the Agro- and Hydrometeorology Observatory of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences in 2013–2015. The height and diameter measurement was made each time on the same 43 plants, randomly selected at the stage of setting up the experiment in 2012 and specially marked. Plants included in further analyses were divided into 5 classes and the classification criterion was their height in the 3rd year of cultivation. Initially, an analysis of relationships of selected morphological parameters of Scots pine was carried out, i.e. of the heights and diameters against the changing weather conditions, i.e. precipitations and air temperatures. Subsequently, an effect of the thermal conditions and the amount of precipitation on growth of Scots pine was assessed with the use of the two meteorological parameters mentioned above. These parameters were used as their accumulated sums, calculated as of the dates of biometric measurements, made at the end of each month (the last ten days of a month) in the summer half-year period. Multiple regression analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of thermal conditions and precipitation on the growth of Scots pine in both variants and the significance of the relationships under study was examined with the use of an adjusted coefficient of determination R2. The analyses and calculations indicate a close significant relationship between the height of pine trees and their diameter at the base on any measurement date. Analyses of different measurement periods indicated a decrease in significance of the relationships between the height of pine trees and their diameter at the base. A decrease in these relationships is becoming more and more pronounced with the age of the trees. Of the two weather parameters, i.e. total air temperature and total precipitation, the precipitation dominates in the relationship with the trees height and air temperature – with the trees diameter.

4

Influence of moisture content on elastic constants of Scots pine wood subjected to compression

100%

Güntekin E. , Akar S.

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tom vol. 62, nr 204

41--53

EN

Moisture content is the environmental factor that has the greatest influence on the physical and mechanical properties of wood materials. This research aimed to quantify the effect of moisture content on the elastic constants of Scots pine wood grown in Turkey under different humidity regimes. The elastic properties investigated include EL, ER, ET, GLR, GLT, GRT, ʋLR, ʋLT, ʋRL, ʋRT, ʋTL and ʋTR under compression. The compression strength in all principal directions was also studied. Specimens were cut from sapwood of pine logs and sorted into four matched MC groups. Clear wood samples were conditioned at 21°C and 45%, 65%, 85%, 95% RH, and subjected to compression tests. A biaxial extensometer was used to measure active and passive strain during loading. Young’s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratios and compression strength were calculated and compared for all orthotropic directions. The results indicate that the elastic and strength properties are significantly different in the principal directions. The Young’s modulus, shear modulus and compression strength of the tested samples were strongly affected by moisture content. These properties exhibit a linear decrease with increasing moisture content. Poisson’s ratios are not sensitive to MC changes.

5

Scots pine forests of the Vaccino-Piceetea class in Europe : forest sites studied

100%

Solon J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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tom Vol. 51, nr 4

421-439

EN

The paper presents: a) the general differentiation of the pine forests of Europe, and b) the floristic differentiation of the study sites, located along the transect stretching between 50 stopni 28 minut and 70 stopni 09 minut N, as well as c) the relations between the geographical location and the climatic characteristics on the hand, and the selected features of the richness and species diversity of the herb layer on the other. One can observe a dependence (p<0.05) between the temperature and latitude on the one hand, and the number of species from some groups on the other. For the vascular plants, the indicators of linear correlation amount to, respectively, 0.64 and -0.63 (the number of the vascular species of the herb layerr increases with the warming of climate and the movement towards the South), and for the numbers of lichen species: -0.81 and 0.78 (the dependencies have the opposite directions to the previous ones). The variability of the relative shares of the particular species groups is correlated with geographical location and climatic variables. Three basic patterns of spatial variability can in this context be identified. The first of these is represented by the share of the lignified chamaephytes (dwarfshrubs). In accordance with this pattern, the minimum shares are observed at the latitudes of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The second pattern of variability is represented by the shares of hemicryptophytes. In accordance with this pattern the maximum shares are observed between 53 stopnie and 56 stopni N. The third pattern of variability is represented, in particular, by the share of the evergreen species which is proporrtional to the latitude.

6

Woody biomass and annual production across a latitudinal gradient in Northern Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests

100%

Nagel L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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tom Vol. 51, nr 4

471-479

EN

To better understand how forest growth might be affected by climate, we observed patterns of forest growth (in terms of basal area, diameter, canopy height, and total biomass) in Scots pine forest ecosystems at nine stands along a northern latitudinal gradient (50 stopni N - 70 stopni N) crossing Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland. This gradient is characterized by a northward decline in average annual temperature (delta = c.9 stopni C) and precipitation (delta = c. 300 mm). Basal area, average diameter, canopy height and total biomass appear correlated with average annual temperature (P-values range from <0.002 to 0.096), but were not correlated with average annual precipitation. None of the measures of absolute growth or percent growth rates (averaged over four measurement periods) were correlated with temperature or precipitation. A framework for evaluating recent increases in biomass pools in northern systems is given, but data here are of insufficient power to confirm or refute hypotheses of recent increase in production of northern forests.

7

A boreal-temperate transect in Europe : history of pine stands reconstructed from the radial growth of trees

100%

Parn H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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tom Vol. 51, nr 4

413-420

EN

History of the Scots pine sites along the Finland-Poland boreal-temperate transect along 25 stopni E longitude, ranging from 50 stopni N - 70 stopni N latitude (see Fig. 1 in Breymeyer 2003) was reconstructed using tree-rings. The correlation between the tree-ring index chronologies for the sites was studied. The age of trees at particular sites varies in the range from 66 to 178 years. The youngest trees are growing at the sites FH3 and PL3, the eldest at FN1. At the sites FN1 and PL1, two groups of trees of different age were separated. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlation among the Baltic chronologies. High correlation coefficients were also found between the PL2 site chronology and all the Baltic state chronologies. No positive correlation was detected among the chronologies from the sites in Finland and in Poland.

8

Comparison of dendrometric features of Scots pine trees and wood density from one of genetic origin obtained from the provenance surface in Forest Research Institute in Rogów

100%

Zatoń P. , Będkowski M. , Buraczyk W. , Kozakiewicz P. , Koczan G.

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2019

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tom No. 105

4--11

EN

Comparison of dendrometric features of Scots pine trees and wood density from one of genetic origin obtained from the provenance surface in Forest Research Institute in Rogów. Scots pine is characterized by high variability of morphological-tribal and physiological-growth features, which also translates into high variability in wood density. The provenance area of LZD in Rogów was founded on the international project of IUFRO organization in 1966. It is composed by 16 genetic origins of Scots pine closely described and nurtured throughout the life of trees, which creates wood material from this surface unique in research. Due to the fact that Scots pine is the most important conifer species in Poland, both for forests and for the industry, comprehensive research with regard to genetic origin seems to be necessary.

PL

Porównanie cech dendrometrycznych i gęstości drewna sosny zwyczajnej z wybranego pochodzenia genetycznego pozyskanego z powierzchni proweniencyjnej LZD w Rogowie. Sosna zwyczajna charakteryzuje się dużą zmiennością cech morfologicznopokrojowych i fizjologiczno-wzrostowych, co przekłada się także na wysoką zmienność gęstości drewna sosnowego. Powierzchnia proweniencyjna LZD w Rogowie została stworzona na potrzeby międzynarodowego projektu IUFRO w 1966 roku. Powierzchnia ta obejmuje 16 pochodzeń genetycznych sosny zwyczajnej, dokładnie opisanych, co sprawiło, że materiał badawczy z tego obszaru jest unikalny. W ramach niniejszej pracy przestawiono wyniki pochodzenia nr 1 z Rogowa. Pod względem parametrów wzrostowych 50-o letnie sosny Rogowskie charakteryzują się typowymi parametrami dendrometrycznymi: średnia wysokość 19,47 m, średnia pierśnica 18,9 cm. Zasobność drzewostanu 278 m3/ha jest zgodna z wartościami tablicowymi. Pod względem słoistości drewno to wykazuje typową zmienność promieniową: szersze słoje przyrdzeniowe o stopniowo zmniejszającej się szerokości idąc w kierunku obwodu. Przy czym słoje na kierunku wschodnim od rdzenia są istotnie szersze, co wynika z obecności drobnych pasm twardzicy. Z tego w względu w badanej populacji nie uchwycono istotnej korelacji między szerokością słojów a gęstością drewna. Średnia gęstość drewna w stanie powietrzno suchym była również typowa i wyniosła 506 kg/m3. Pod względem badanych cech sosny zwyczajne pochodzenia rogowskiego nie wyróżniają na tle wartości tablicowych omawianego gatunku.

9

The vascular plants in the “Puszcza Notecka” forest roadside

88%

Mizera P. , Grajewski S. M. , Kasztelan A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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tom nr IV/1

1143--1156

EN

This paper presents the edge effect of a very low-volume road on the belt of roadside vegetation in the “Puszcza Notecka”, Poland - one of the largest compact forest complexes in Europe. The observations were carried out in the vicinity of pine stands in the fresh coniferous forest and fresh mixed coniferous forest sites. Twelve rectangular experimental sites 30 and 50 meters wide at a distance of 0 to 10 meters from the edge surfaces were established. 75 species characteristic for the 13 phytosociological classes and 20 species associated devoided of the diagnostic value were recognized in the roadside area. Native species dominated, where the most numerous species belonged to meadow communities (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) and ruderal (Artemisietea vulgaris). Despite the significant participation of synanthropic plants, there was no invasion of alien species.

10

Dependence of radial growth of Pinus sylvestris L. from Western Pomerania on the rainfall and temperature conditions

88%

Cedro A.

Geochronometria

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2001

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tom Vol. 20

69-74

EN

The paper deals with the influence of varying climatic conditions on radial growth of Scots Pine in the area of Western Pomerania. The research was aimed to evaluate the influence of air temperature and precipitation on dimensions of radial growth of the analysed tree species. The investigations demonstrated high dependence of the annual growth width upon temperature in winter and the beginning of spring. Precipitation influenced the annual growth in summer months, particularly in June and July. In the site with high level of ground water (very humid forest habitat) the rainfall had a negative effect on the annual growth width - contrary to the other analysed sites.

11

Organosilanes in wood protection – chemical analysis of wood and cellulose treated with MTMOS

88%

Babicka M. , Woźniak M. , Ratajczak I.

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tom No. 110

5--8

EN

Organosilanes in wood protection – chemical analysis of wood and cellulose treated with MTMOS. The paper presents the results of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) reactivity with Scots pine wood and cellulose. The lignocellulosic material after treatment with ethanolic solution of MTMOS was analysed using instrumental methods – atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The analysis of silicon concentration in treated material indicated the presence of silane in structure of wood and cellulose. The bands characteristic of vibrations of the silicon-carbon and silicon-oxygen originating from MTMOS molecule were observed in the spectra of modified materials, which confirmed the reactivity of silane with wood and cellulose. Moreover, the chemical analysis indicated that MTMOS exhibited higher reactivity to cellulose than to pine wood.

PL

Organosilany w ochronie drewna – analizy chemiczne drewna i celulozy traktowanej MTMOS. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań reaktywności metylotrimetoksysilanu (MTMOS) z drewnem sosny zwyczajnej oraz celulozą. Materiał lignocelulozowy po działaniu etanolowego roztworu MTMOS był analizowany z wykorzystaniem metod instrumentalnych – AAS oraz ATR-FTIR. Analiza stężenia krzemu w impregnowanym materiale wskazuje na obecność silanu w strukturze drewna i celulozy. Charakterystyczne pasma dla drgań krzem-węgiel oraz krzem-tlen, pochodzące z cząsteczki MTMOS obserwowane w widmach modyfikowanych materiałów potwierdzają reaktywność silanu z drewnem oraz celulozą. Ponadto, analiza chemiczna wykazała, że MTMOS wykazywał wyższą reaktywność wobec celulozy niż drewna sosny.

12

Use of composted sludge and forest ectohumus to enrich soil in two - and three-year cultivation of scots pine in a forest nursery

88%

Rolbiecki S. , Klimek A. , Rolbiecki R. , Figas A. , Ptach W. , Gackowski G.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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tom nr IV/1

1117--1128

EN

This study examined the effect of fertilisation with compost prepared from hygienised sludge with an addition of pine-tree bark and mulching with fresh forest ectohumus on selected growth parameters for two - and three-year-old Scots pine trees and on the incidence of mites (Acari) in the soil. The experiment was carried out in 2009-2010 in the Białe Błota forest nursery (Bydgoszcz Forest District) on proper rusty soil. The entire area of the experiment was irrigated with a stationary sprinkler. Organic fertilisation with compost prepared from hygienised sludge with an addition of pine-tree bark resulted in a significant increase in the plant height and the diameter of the root neck in two-year-old pine trees. The effect of mulching on these parameters was not significant. The synergistic effect of the factors on the plant height and the diameter of the root neck was not significant. Organic fertilisation significantly increased the height of 3-year-old pine trees, whereas it did not have a significant effect on the root neck diameter. Mulching increased the plant height significantly, but no statistical effect on the diameter of the root neck was demonstrated. Although no significant interaction of either experimental factors in their effect on the plant height and the diameter in the root neck was observed, the parameters tended to increase in the experimental option, which included organic fertilisation and mulching. Mulching had a significant effect on the presence of soil mites, especially oribatid mites (Oribatida). Their density increased greatly after the procedure. This growth, as well as an increase in the ratio of Oribatida to Actinedida could be a sign of improvement of the biological balance of the soils under study and their biological activity.

13

Assessment of the Condition of Pine Plantations in the Area of Influence of Municipal Waste Landfills on the Example of the Zhytomyr Landfill, Ukraine

75%

Korbut M. , Malovanyy M. , Davydova I. , Grechanik R. , Tymchuk I. , Popovych O.

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tom Vol. 22, iss. 5

40--46

EN

The paper presents the results of research to assess the degree of transformation of forest ecosystems in the area of influence of the Zhytomyr landfill (Ukraine) - one of the typical Ukrainian landfills, which is operated with minimal implementation of environmental protection measures. The study was conducted to identify the relationship between the condition of plantations and the functioning of municipal solid waste landfills. In the study of the estimation of the transformation degree of forest ecosystems in the area of influence of the municipal solid waste landfill in Zhytomyr, it was established that in the studied areas there was a decrease in bonitet by I-II classes, completeness by 0.1-0.2 units, growth by 13-35% in comparison with background values. On the basis of the research of the condition of pine plantations by categories of vital activity of trees the integral indicator was calculated – the index of the condition of forest stands, which characterizes the degree of their damage in the event of aerial pollution of soil and groundwater. It was determined that the maximum values of the index of forest stands condition were observed in the area closest to the landfill (2.88 units), i.e, these are severely weakened stands, the minimum in the control (1.28). Based on the results of the studies, it was established that Scots pine is a convenient and acceptable bioindicator for assessing the state of the environment in the area of influence of municipal landfills provided that its distribution is uniform on the territory and it is available for research. The sanitary condition of pine plantations deteriorates with the approach to the source of pollution. According to the established indices of the condition of pine plantations, a regression analysis was performed and a mathematical dependence was determined, which most accurately describes the change of these indicators with the distance from the landfill boundary. The approach used for bioindication studies of conifers can be recommended for implementation in practice as a method for assessing the transformation of the environment in the area of influence of municipal solid waste landfills.

14

Zróżnicowanie koncentracji pierwiastków chemicznych w jednorodnych pędach głównych sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.)

75%

Sporek K. , Sporek M.

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tom Vol. 2, No. 2

485--488

PL

Przedmiotem badań były czyste rówieśne drzewostany sosnowe w wieku około 35 lat. Materiał badawczy zebrano z 3 powierzchni doświadczalnych, 0,25 ha każda, usytuowanych pod wapiennikami, cementownią i koksownią w województwie opolskim. Na każdej z nich ścinano 15 drzew modelowych, pobierając łącznie do analizy 45 osobników. Prace na gruncie wykonano jesienią, od 15 października do 15 grudnia. Jednym z wielu analizowanych czynników był skład chemiczny jednorocznych pędów głównych sosny (Pinus sylvestris L.). W warunkach laboratoryjnych w materiale roślinnym oznaczono Ca, K, Mg, Mn i Fe. Analizie chemicznej poddano ostatni przyrost pędu głównego po zdarciu z niego kory i pozostawieniu łyka. Jest to istotna innowacja metodyczna. Wraz z korą bowiem usunięto pył znajdujący się na zewnętrznej części pędu. Uzyskane w ten sposób wartości koncentracji pierwiastków chemicznych w sośnie nie są już obarczone błędem metodycznym i nie nasuwają zastrzeżeń co do ich zawartości w samej roślinie. Rozdrobnienia pędu dokonano w młynku z elementami ciernymi z kryształu górskiego. Zanieczyszczenie powietrza powoduje zmianę składu chemicznego powietrza atmosferycznego, gleby, a więc i zmianę składu chemicznego roślin. W prowadzonych badaniach obserwujemy w pędach sosny różną - w zależności od rodzaju źródła zanieczyszczenia - koncentrację pierwiastków chemicznych. Właściwości homeostatyczne rośliny stwarzają warunki do ich neutralizacji i równoważenia kationów i anionów, ale tylko do określonej wartości nazwanej koncentracją progową. Największym współczynnikiem zmienności koncentracji w procentach charakteryzuje się Mn, a następnie Fe i Ca, a najmniejszym K i Mg.

EN

Uniform pine stands of the same age - about 35-year-old were studied. The experimental data was collected from 3 sampling plots, 0.25 ha each, located in the Opole Province. At each of them 15 model trees were cut, in this way in total 45 individuals were collected for analyses. Studies on the plots were conducted in late autumn between 15 October and 15 December. One of many analysed factors was the chemical composition of the one-year-old main stems of the Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In laboratory conditions the content of 5 chemical compounds was determined in the plant material. The last increase of the main stem was a subject to the chemical analysis after tearing the bark off and leaving the phloem. This is an important methodical improvement. With the bark the dust on the external part of the stem was removed. The values of concentration of chemical compounds in the pine obtained in this way were not biased and did not raise any reservations considering their content in the plant itself. The stem was ground in a grinder with friction elements of the rock crystal, thus the obtained contents of heavy metals in stems did not cause raise any doubts. Air pollution causes the change of the chemical content of the air and soil, and thus also of the chemical composition of plants. In these studies we observed a different concentration of chemical compounds, depending on the source of pollution. Their excess has a phytotoxic effect. Homeostatic properties of the plant provide conditions for their neutralisation and balancing cations and anions, but only to the threshold level of concentration. The highest percent coefficient of variation of concentrations was found for Mn, followed by Fe and Ca, the lowest values were for K and Mg.

15

Analiza zmienności gęstości umownej drewna sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) wzdłuż wysokości pnia w zależności od wybranych czynników

75%

Witkowska J. , Lachowicz H.

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tom R. 68, nr 9

573-578

PL

Wyniki przedstawione w niniejszej pracy są częścią badań nad zmiennością gęstości umownej surowca sosnowego w Polsce. Celem pracy było zbadanie zmienności gęstości umownej drewna sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) wzdłuż wysokości pnia, w zależności od siedliskowego typu lasu, wieku drzewostanu i położenia geograficznego drzewostanu. Prace badawcze prowadzono w czterech regionach kraju: Puszczy Knyszyńskiej, Lasach Iławskich, Borach Tucholskich i Lasach Zielonogórskich. W każdym regionie w pięciu drzewostanach na siedlisku boru świeżego II, III, IV i V klasy wieku i boru mieszanego świeżego III klasy wieku wycięto jedno drzewo modelowe (w sumie pozyskano 20 drzew). Ze strzał tych drzew, co jeden metr, pobierano próbki w kształcie krążków, które po okorowaniu i zgrubnym oszlifowaniu powierzchni poprzecznych miały grubość 3 do 4 cm i były podstawą do określenia gęstości umownej drewna na całym przekroju poprzecznym pnia. Wykazano, że gęstość umowna drewna, badana na całej długości strzały drzew modelowych, we wszystkich regionach, typach siedliskowych lasów i klasach wieku, była bardzo silnie skorelowana z jego położeniem na strzale. Wraz ze zwiększaniem się wysokości, gęstość umowna drewna malała. W ponad połowie przypadków stwierdzono występowanie mniejszej gęstości drewna na wysokości rzazu ścinającego niż na wysokości jednego metra. Wykazano zwiększanie się gęstości umownej drewna sosny wraz z wiekiem. W Puszczy Knyszyńskiej, Lasach Iławskich i Borach Tucholskich w III klasie wieku na siedlisku boru świeżego gęstość umowna drewna sosny zwyczajnej osiągała wyższe wartości niż na borze mieszanym świeżym, z wyjątkiem Lasów Zielonogórskich, gdzie tendencja była odwrotna

EN

The results presented in the article are a part of the research project on the variation in pure density of pine material in Poland. The aim of this work was to examine the variability in pure density of Scots pine wood along the trunk height depending on the type of the forest site, age range and geographic area of forest stand. The tests were carried out in four forest regions of Poland: Knyszyn, Ilawa, Tuchola and Zielona Góra. One model tree was cut down in each region, in five forest stands, in site of fresh forest of II, III, IV and V age range and fresh mixed forest of III age range. Twenty trees were collected in this way. The samples in a form of wood slices were taken from tree trunks, every one meter. After being debarked and roughly polished, the 3 - 4 cm high samples were used to determine pure density of wood in the intire trunk cross section. It was found that the pure density tested along the total trunk length of model trees in all the regions, forest site types and age ranges was strongly correlated with a position on the trunk. Along with the growing height, the pure density was decreasing. In over 50% of cases lower wood density was found at saw cut than at the height of one meter. I was found that the pure density grows with age. In Knyszyn, Iława and Tuchola in the III age range in the site of fresh forest, the pure density of Scots pine wood reached higher values than in fresh mixed forest, excluding Zielona Góra forest, where the tendency was reverse.

16

Diversity of needles of the Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

75%

Sporek M.

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tom Vol. 6, No. 2

547--551

EN

The size of needles is usually described by their mass and length. These parameters depend on many factors, mainly on the amount of available water, light and temperature. The literature provides only rudimentary data on the surface of needles. But the surface of needles determines the growth of tree biomass, including wood, the product of the economic importance. The study aimed to verify if the mass of the needles is a good parameter to determine efficiency of the production in an individual pine or in population of pines. The material used consisted of needles from 48 model trees, collected at 31 study sites. All sites represented the same habitat type (fresh mixed coniferous forest), but they differed in the density and the age of trees. The study was conducted in young tree stands, between eight and twenty years old. We did not find any relation between the mean length of the needles and the age of trees. The shortest needles were found in 8 years old stand, and the longest needles came from 9 years old forest. The largest surface of the assimilation apparatus was found in a 20 years old pine. This corresponds with the culmination of the individuals' vertical growth in Scots Pine. The largest mass of the needles, 21 kg of the fresh mass, was recorded in the same tree stand, as well as the smallest and the largest number of needles on a tree.

PL

Wielkość szpilek charakteryzuje się najczęściej poprzez ich masę i długość, które zależą od wielu czynników, przede wszystkim od ilości wody, światła i temperatury. W literaturze przedmiotu znajdują się szczątkowe dane dotyczące pola powierzchni szpilek, które to decydują o przyroście biomasy, w tym drewna, czyli sortymentu ważnego z punktu widzenia gospodarczego. Celem badań było porównanie dwóch metod obliczeń wydajności produkcyjnej biomasy sosny zwyczajnej z ciężaru igliwia oraz z jego powierzchni. Materiał do badań stanowiło igliwie z 48 drzew modelowych pobranych z 31 stanowisk badawczych. Wszystkie powierzchnie reprezentowały ten sam typ siedliskowy (BMśw.), różniły się natomiast zagęszczeniem i wiekiem. Badania prowadzono w młodnikach, z których najmłodszy liczył 8 lat, a najstarszy 20 lat. Nie stwierdzono związku między średnią długością igieł a wiekiem drzew. Najkrótsze szpilki odnotowano w 8-letnim młodniku, najdłuższe 9-letnim. Największe pole aparatu asymilacyjnego miała 20-letnia sosna, co pokrywa się z kulminacyjnym przyrostem osobników na wysokość. W tym drzewostanie zarejestrowano również największą masę igliwia wynoszącą 21 kg (św.m.) oraz największą, a zarazem najmniejszą liczbę szpilek.

17

Wpływ właściwości inicjalnych gleb na wzrost sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) na zrekultywowanych powierzchniach zwałowisk kwb "Bełchatów"

75%

Pająk M. , Pietrzykowski M. , Krzaklewski W. , Ochał W.

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2011

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tom Nr 27

144-152

PL

W pracy podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, które właściwości inicjalnych gleb wpływają pozytywnie lub negatywnie na wzrost sosny zwyczajnej wzrastającej na wierzchowinach zwałowisk KWB "Bełchatów". Badania wykazały, że dodatnio na przeciętny roczny przyrost wysokości sosny na powierzchniach badawczych wpływa przede wszystkim: wyższe pH, większa zawartość kationów zasadowych oraz większa zawartość frakcji pyłu (0,05-0,002 mm) w substracie glebowym. Negatywnie na przyrost drzew wpływa natomiast wzrost udziału frakcji piasku, a w głównej mierze kwasowości hydrolitycznnej substratu glebowego.

EN

This paper concerns the relationships between the properties of soil-substrate and growth of Scots pine planted on the plateaus of spoil bank KWB "Bełchatów". Studies have shown that growth of Scots pine in the research plots is primarily positively affected by: higher pH, contents of base cations and percentage of silt-sized (0.05-0.002 mm) fractions in soil substrate. In the other hand, negative influence on the average tree height growth on the study plots had the content of sand fraction, as well as the hydrolytic acidity in the soil substrate.

18

Moisture swelling and shrinkage of pine wood versus susceptibility to robotic assembly of furniture elements

75%

Turbański W. , Sydor M. , Matwiej Ł. , Wiaderek K.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2021

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tom No. 115

63--71

EN

Moisture swelling and shrinkage of pine wood and susceptibility to robotic assembly of furniture elements. Background and Objectives. Processing technology, storage conditions and wood properties affect the actual dimensions of wooden elements. It was decided to experimentally check how the dimensions of samples, made of the selected wood species, will change under the influence of different storage conditions, typical for industrial environments. And especially how these changes will affect the susceptibility to assembly of upholstery frame rails that form a box joint. Materials and Methods. The tests were performed on three series of rails made of Scotch pine wood. Each tested series consisted of 12 elements. First, the five dimensions forming the box joint were measured. Then, each series was exposed to different conditions: in the industrial hall (air of RH = 29-48% and t = 16-24°C), in the compressor room (RH = 24-51%, t = 13-27°C) and outside in a covered shed (RH = 20-50%, t = 3-23°C). After 35 days the dimensions were measured again. Results. It was found that the average moisture content decreased and the dimensional deviations increased in the samples stored in the production hall and in the compressor room. In samples stored outside, the mean moisture content did not change, but the dimensional deviations increased significantly. Discussion. The storage of wooden elements increases the deviations from assigned dimensions. Exposure to repeated changes in moisture content and ambient temperature, even without changing the final moisture content of the elements, results in greater dimensional changes than storage under more stabilized conditions that reduce wood moisture content. Conclusions. The shrinkage and swelling of wood due to changes in its moisture content are not fully reversible, therefore, apart from maintaining the appropriate temperature and air humidity during storage, it is important to keep these conditions unchanged.

PL

Pęcznienie i kurczenie się drewna sosnowego a podatność na zrobotyzowany montaż elementów mebli. Wprowadzenie. Technologia obróbki, warunki przechowywania i właściwości drewna wpływają na rzeczywiste wymiary elementów drewnianych. Postanowiono eksperymentalnie sprawdzić jak zmienią się wymiary próbek, wykonanych z wybranego gatunku drewna pod wpływem różnych warunków przechowywania, typowych dla środowisk przemysłowych. A zwłaszcza jak te zmiany wpłyną na podatność na zrobotyzowany montaż ramiaków ram tapicerskich, tworzących połączenie wielowpustowe. Materiały i metody. Badania przeprowadzono na trzech seriach ramiaków z drewna sosny zwyczajnej. Każda testowana seria składała się z 12 elementów. Najpierw zmierzono pięć wymiarów tworzących połączenie wpustowe. Następnie każda seria została wystawiona na inne warunki: przechowywanie w hali przemysłowej (powietrze o wilgotności względnej 29-48% i temperaturze 16-24°C), w sprężarkowni (RH = 24-51%, t = 13-27 °C) i na zewnątrz w zadaszonej wiacie (RH =20-50%, t = 3-23°C). Po 35 dniach ponownie zmierzono te same wymiary ramiaków. Wyniki. Stwierdzono zmniejszenie średniej wilgotności oraz niewielkie zwiększenie odchyłek wymiarowych w próbkach przechowywanych w hali produkcyjnej i w sprężarkowni. W próbkach przechowywanych na zewnątrz średnia wilgotność nie zmieniła się, ale znacznie zwiększyły się odchyłki wymiarowe. Dyskusja. W analizowanych warunkach składowanie elementów drewnianych w każdym przypadku zwiększa odchyłki od wymiarów nominalnych. Narażenie na powtarzające się zmiany wilgotności i temperatury otoczenia, nawet bez zmiany końcowej wilgotności elementów, powoduje większe zmiany wymiarów niż przechowywanie w bardziej ustabilizowanych warunkach, które zmniejszają wilgotność drewna. Wnioski. Skurcz i pęcznienie drewna pod wpływem zmian jego wilgotności nie są w pełni odwracalne, dlatego oprócz zapewnienia właściwych temperatury i wilgotności powietrza przy przechowywaniu, ważne jest zachowanie niezmienności tych warunków.

19

Diversity of Forest and Shrub Communities as a Result of Site History and of Extensive and Intensive Forest Management (Glinno Ługi Case Study)

75%

Woziwoda B. , Ambrożkiewicz K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica

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2011

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tom 7

149-162

EN

The paper presents the diversity of natural and anthropogenic forest communities occurring in post-cultivated fields in Glinno Ługi. An impoverished fresh pine forest association (Leucobryo-Pinetum) and nine secondary forest communities have been distinguished in the transect line (1.16 km in length). Factors influencing the structure and species composition of recent forest communities, such as habitat properties, previous land use forms and the intensity of forest management, are described.

20

The impact of ultraviolet radiation on the colour and wettability of wood used for facades

75%

Laskowska A. , Dobrowolska E. , Boruszewski P.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2016

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tom vol. 59, nr 197

99--111

EN

The study examined the effect of UV radiation on the colour and wettability of cedar, gaboon, meranti and Scots pine wood. The tested species of exotic wood are mainly used in European countries for facades. For this kind of usage they act as a substitute for pine wood. In the study, the colour parameters were determined using the CIE L*a*b* colour space model. The tests showed that the most significant changes in the lightness of the wood occurred after 20 hours of UV radiation exposure. After that time, the L* value change was linear. The cedar wood turned the darkest and it also showed the greatest total change of colour ΔE. Comparable colour changes ΔE, and thus the greatest colour stability of all the tested wood species, were shown by the gaboon and meranti. In addition, it should be noted that all the tested wood species were characterized by a much smaller susceptibility to colour change under UV radiation than the pine sapwood and heartwood. The results also revealed that UV radiation significantly affects the contact angle, and therefore the surface free energy of the cedar and pine sapwood.