Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

AMERICAN MODELS OF CONSUMPTION

100%

Grzeszczyk E.

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2004

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tom 48

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nr 4

125-146

EN

The aim of the paper is to analyse the models of consumption which have evolved in the American culture. In the course of the history of the American society several such models co-existed, some of them have always been popular, others emerged at a specific moment of history and evolved into specific forms. Three dominant models of consumption in American culture are discussed: the puritan model (formed under the influence of the protestant ethic), the veblenesque model (consumption as a way of signalling social status) and the model of contemporary hedonist (based on the theory of Colin Campbell). Additionally, each of these models has some variations. The authoress describes certain social groups whose patterns of consumption are characteristic for a given model. The criterion used for differentiating the afore-mentioned models is the dominant motivation inducing an individual to consume in a specific manner. The models of consumption described by the authoressr are characteristic not only for American culture but also for the cultures of advanced capitalism. One can also observe certain analogies in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, undergoing the process of transformation.

2

CHILD INDIVIDUALS IN THE GREAT MORAVIAN MILIEU BASED ON CEMETERY SOURCES FROM THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA

80%

Hanuliak M.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2006

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tom 54

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nr 2

259-284

EN

Analyses of the cemetery material have been aimed in bringing the image of the child individuals status in the Great Moravian society. The obtained information have proved notion of the children's lowest position in a real life. This was caused by their high mortality and lacking usefulness for the remaining social groups. On the other hand, the changes in archaeological material from the burial sites show that the affiliation of these individuals with the sexless group of the family relationships is not constant. The adult's attitude to children advanced in accordance with the particular stages of their biological and physical development. It gradually passed from the form of compulsory acceptance through the tolerated cohabitation stage to the phase of the initial creation of the natural bindings in the relevant spheres of the life. The activities of the adults that were carried on in accord with the standards of the early medieval consuetudinary law were the parts of this process. They included the vitality tests of the newborn children as well as applying of selective principle in intaking of the children into the family unions. These have their roots in the utilitarian needs of an economic character. Their influence has been expressed in rituals burying of certain groups of the individuals out of a community necropolis. Grave of another children were dug in less respectable marginal parts of the grave groups. However, we cannot fail to notice raising expressions that are documenting a positive change in adult's relation to children. As child's age grew, we meet more frequently with the manifestations of the respect, attention and performed work in size and adjustment of the grave pits, or arranging of the dead bodies into a ritual position. In material culture this trend presented itself in increasing number of the graves with a burial inventory, while its structure changes and numbers of the artifact types grows. This is the reason why we meet artefacts connected with working activities more frequent. Exemplars placed to buried individuals for emotive reasons are lesser. Another indications are more frequent graves with higher number of artifacts and their determination according to the deceased's sex. The information given here is treating the problem under study in the generalizing way. This accounts the results in global to be valid for the whole Slovakia, but not at every burial site. This situation was caused by the fact that the items of the Great Moravian funeral rite were not adjusted by any written standards or repression for their non-keeping. The practical side of their content was developed in a spontaneous way. Its final shape varied in the connection with giving more preference to the economic, social or cultic and the ritual reasons.

3

CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORIGINS OF UNEQUAL OPPORTUNITIES IN ATTAINING HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIK (1948-1999)

80%

Mateju P. , Rehakova B. , Simonova N.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2004

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tom 36

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nr 1

31-56

EN

The article addresses the development of higher education in the Czech Republic after 1989. Czech higher education has changed profoundly since 1989. The most significant structural changes in the Czech tertiary education system addressed in the paper are decentralization and diversification. With an understanding of the basic parameters of both the contemporary political and institutional reforms and those in effect prior to November 1989, the authors address the question of how inequalities in access to tertiary education have evolved in the Czech Republic. Authors have formulated a hypothesis, which claims that the period of stable inequalities in the years 1948-89 was replaced by a period of growing inequalities during the post-communist transformation (1989-1999). The study devotes the most attention to the cultural and socio-economic (class) dimensions of social origin and gender, and their influence on the chances of attaining higher education. The authors consider the comparison of the levels of inequality during the communist era and in the post-communist era to be of particular importance. Theoretically they have drawn on the work of Raftery and Hout (1996) and Hanley and McKeever (1997), who discovered that the chances of attaining higher education among individuals from families with a low social status can only increase on the condition that the demand for the given level of education has first of all been satiated among all the strata disposing of social and cultural capital. Using a loglinear analysis the authors modelled the influence of social origin on the chances of making a successful transition between secondary and tertiary education in the years between 1948 and 1999. The initial hypothesis of the growing influence of social origin on this transition in the period after 1989 was confirmed by the authors in their analysis of data. They see an explanation for this trend in the insufficient degree of expansion of the tertiary sector of education, which is incapable of satisfying the continually growing demand for higher education amidst circumstances in which socio-economic inequalities are on the rise.

4

ZÁKLADNÁ ANTROPOLOGICKO-ARCHEOLOGICKÁ CHARAKTERISTIKA POHREBISKA Z PRELOMU 9. A 10. STOROČIA V MUŽLE-ČENKOVE

70%

Hanuliak M. , Kolena B. , Kuzma I.

Študijné zvesti

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2012

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nr 52

159 - 172

XX

Burial place with 25 graves was excavated in the south-western part of the fortified settlement in Mužla-Čenkov. It belonged to a community with higher social status according to the elements of funeral rite and articles. The high number of children living in families and a building of large area, which was in the neighbourhood, confirm indirectly this status. The burial place was used 30–40 years at the turn of the 9th and the 10th century. Skeletal remains of 30 individuals were detected with the use of methods of osteoanthropological analysis; there were found inhumation of two individuals in one grave in four cases. In one case, there were found inhumations of three children in one grave.

5

Věk jako zdroj sociální identity

60%

Trusinová R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2012

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tom 48

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nr 1

131-153

EN

The article examines age as a possible group identity. It sets out to determine which age groups in society today have a stronger sense of identity and the source of that identity, while drawing on the tenets of social psychology and the theories of social identity and optimal distinctiveness. The latter two theories provide insight into the motives for identiﬁcation with social groups, but see different needs at the heart of this identiﬁcation, and thus offer alternative hypotheses of age as a source of status and positive self-image versus age as a source of distinctiveness and a ‘substitute’ source of identity. The analysis is based on representative data for the Czech population over the age of 20 drawn from the European Social Survey Round 4 and the International Social Survey Programme 2003. It shows that self-categorisation into the verbally deﬁned age groups of young, middle-aged, and old is indeed common. It also reveals a much stronger level of peer group self-identiﬁcation among the youngest and oldest respondents, despite the low social status of these age groups. The article closes with a discussion of the varying signiﬁcance age has as a source of social identity and the invalidity of the hypothesis that age group identiﬁcation is dependent on the social status of its members.

6

MYTH OF BOHEMIANISM IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY WARSAW

60%

Murawska-Muthesius K.

ARS

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2012

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tom 45

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nr 2

183 – 201

EN

The text looks at the origins of the modern art world in the mid-nineteenth-century Warsaw which remained in the grip of persecution by the Tsarist apparatus. It compares the two artistic communities, which were dubbed as bohemian by their later critics: the coterie of radical poets of the early 1840s and the group of visual artists active during the 1850s. The first was identified through its eccentric behaviour and dress, as well as its provocative actions in the streets of Warsaw. The second group was constructing their collective identity by means of informal sketches, preserved in seven albums by their patron Marcin Olszyński. Examining the collection of drawings, caricatures and photographs, the text argues that those informal sketches provide a unique insight into the ways in which the artists sought to establish their new professional identity, stressing their distinctiveness from other social groups, at the time of the major socio-cultural transition from noble to bourgeois patronage, and during the formation period of Warsaw’s urban intelligentsia.

7

BEING NICE OR BEING TOUGH? SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL COGNITION IN TWO TYPES OF POPULAR PRE-ADOLESCENTS

51%

Čavojová V.

Studia Psychologica

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2012

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tom 54

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nr 4

313 – 327

EN

Although peer status has been extensively studied especially with regard to pro social behaviour, the results are mixed. Current study focuses on popularity and friendship, and their associations to social behaviour (pro social vs. antisocial) and social cognition (mindreading and empathy). 335 preadolescents (Mage = 13.3) participated in the study and completed sociometric questionnaire, mindreading test and three empathy questionnaires. Boys scored higher in popularity and disruptive behaviour, girls scored higher in helping behaviour and social cognition (mindreading and empathy). The two subtypes of popular students were identified – Pro social and Populist, who differed in their social behaviour and underlying social cognition. Pro social students showed more pro social behaviour, together with better mindreading and empathy skills than Populists. It seems that popularity in group can be achieved by two ways - either by being nice, or by being “tough”. This finding is also in line with the results of Bruyin and Cillessen (2006).