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1

FROM POWERTY TO SOCIAL EXCLUSION

100%

Dzambazovic R. , Gerbery D.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2005

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tom 37

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nr 2

143-176

EN

The term 'social exclusion' dominates both the discussions and fight against poverty in the European Union. It has entered the Slovak politics as an imported notion and is utilised without any expert and public discussion. The aim of this study is to draw the attention to the process of conceptualisation regarding social exclusion. The authors clarify differences as well as social aspects of the academic and political discourse on poverty and social exclusion in Western European countries. Furthermore, they describe and explain the content of the concepts and how the term's content changes in relation to time (the old and the new poverty) and context (science versus politics). The political denotation and impacts of social exclusion is also analysed. This contribution offers an overview of various facets of social exclusion and possibilities of their operationalisation.

2

Nedobrovolná bezdětnost jako sociologické téma

80%

Slepickova L.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2006

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tom 42

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nr 5

937-951

EN

While fertility rates in Western countries are low and the number of people who will remain voluntarily childless is increasing, more and more couples are seeking medical treatment for infertility. Fertility problems transcend the boundaries of medicine and challenge the traditional positivistic understanding of health and illness and the authority of scientific and objective medicine. The circumstances for coping with infertility are not universal and depend instead on the given society and on cultural values. Studying infertility means studying every important institution of our society: the institutions of marriage and the family, the institution of parenthood, medicine, and so on. While American and other Western social scientists have studied social aspects of infertility for many years, in the Czech Republic the topic remains the domain of medicine. This article focuses on basic concepts employed in the study of infertility and involuntary childlessness in sociology. It presents and summarises relevant concepts such as stigmatisation, social exclusion, identity problems, and gender differences in the response to infertility. It presents the debate over explaining the terms of infertility and (involuntary and voluntary) childlessness. It shows how the position of involuntary childlessness has been changing as the problem has increasingly come to be dealt with in medical terms and as high-tech medical treatments for infertility have been developed. Finally, the article opens up the topic for debate and raises the question of potential methods of research.

3

Health and disease vs poverty and social exclusion

80%

Sowa A.

Polityka Społeczna

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2006

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tom 33

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nr 11-12(392-393)

16-20

EN

The aim of the paper is to analyse relations between poverty, social exclusion and health status of the Polish population in a context of health inequalities research that is common in Western Europe. Significant differences in health status by sex and age as well as socio-economic status are observable. The latter ones are related to expenditures level and unemployment. Another factors that strongly differentiate health status are social networks and social support from the closest ones. Health inequalities in longevity and morbidity on selected diseases (TB) between regions are driven mainly by unemployment level in regions.

4

Analysis of effectiveness of cooperation between the state and non-government organisations in combating poverty and social exclusion

80%

Broda-Wysocki P.

Polityka Społeczna

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2006

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tom 33

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nr 11-12(392-393)

EN

The period of spontaneous social action is already passing. At present more professional action is acquiring significance. They require the different infrastructure of both personnels as well as different legal tools and financial housemaids of effective activity as well as the interaction between all sorts subjects. In Poland a system aptness was created for action of this type. The text consists of two parts. In first they analysed accessible materials and documents concerning the interaction of charter organizations with public and self-government institutions of different rank. System putting up the activity of this type was also in short reconstructed. In the second part research findings of own concerning beloveds of action were presented (8 initiatives were examined). In this action every single time a collaboration of different partners, focussed around was evident, of problems of social expelling. Examinations were carried out on the land of entire Poland. Conclusions are finishing the whole. One from actual in this context of matters a necessity of hierarchical examining grassroots initiatives seems to be. On the split level of the given activity because it is differently perceived by very actors of action.

5

Social Occupation a Chance for People Facing Life Standards below Acceptable Norms?

80%

Szymanowska J.

Polityka Społeczna

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2008

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tom 35

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nr 4(409)

9-12

EN

Less than acceptable life standards have recently become one of the most important and talked about issues facing the average family. Social occupation has recently been regarded as the main remedy for this problem. The article presents an attempt to show the possibilities of carrier and public reintegration for people otherwise excluded from such services provided by the centers of public integration

6

Housing policy towards poverty and social exclusion

80%

Zaniewska H.

Polityka Społeczna

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2006

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tom 33

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nr 11-12(392-393)

33-35

EN

The article presents outcomes of analyses and own research on the impact of social and economic transformation on housing. The transformation affected vulnerable groups for which access to housing has been restricted and differentiated housing situation and conditions in Polish society. Such a situation manifests itself in overcrowded flats (mainly small ones) and low housing quality. It could be described by criteria and features of housing poverty that by law should be counteracted by local government (gmina). However, problems of housing needs of the poor remain unsolved.

7

Educational system, poverty and social exclusion

80%

Tarkowska E. , Gorniak K. , Kalbarczyk A.

Polityka Społeczna

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2006

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tom 33

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nr 11-12(392-393)

29-33

EN

The article presents the outcomes of a research study on the ways schools and the system of education in Poland in general approaches poverty and pupils from poor families. The research shows the Polish school as oriented towards satisfaction of current needs of poor children, such as free meals, rather than on long term, developmental ones. In the light of gathered data the Polish school is not a place of social integration and does not teach the values of equality and human solidarity. It also does not support the process of education of poor children and youth. Its certain features (domination of teaching function over upbringing and child care, overly large classes and schools etc.) and practices (segregation, labelling stigmatisation, exclusion) are especially disadvantageous for poor children and youngsters.

8

Private Care as the Factor Leading to Social Exclusion of Guardians

80%

Markowska M. J.

Polityka Społeczna

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2008

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tom 35

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nr 8(413)

13-20

EN

Because of the change in demographic structure there are more and more elderly people in Poland. They develop illnesses common in old age. From Alzheimer's disease suffer about 250 thousands of people in Poland. Each one, according to the phase of the disease should be provided with round-the-clock supervision. The vast majority of caregivers in our country are family members. However, the time of caregiving becomes for the guide a time of gradual removal from the society. It weakens guardian's bounds with other members of the family, make them resign from taking part in political, social and cultural life as well as causes a considerable aggravation of mental and physical health. Lack of efficient help system excludes and marginalise guardians.

9

Fighting poverty and social exclusion as part of policies implemented at the local government level

80%

Bledowski P. , Kubicki P.

Polityka Społeczna

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2006

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tom 33

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nr 11-12(392-393)

36-38

EN

The article summarizes research results concerning policies implemented at local government level aimed at preventing and combating social exclusion and poverty. Findings of research have confirmed the main thesis that activities of the local government in this field should be regarded as not very effective. This is mainly caused by concentration of resources for helping those in deep exclusion. Additionally, the scope of assistance per an excluded person and his or her family usually does not allow for a meaningful improvement of their situation and for leaving exclusion.

10

Potenciální finanční nedostupnost nájemního bydlení po deregulaci nájemného – regionální perspektiva

80%

Mikeszova M. , Lux M. , Morisseau A.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2009

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tom 45

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nr 2

315-344

EN

The article deals with an analysis of regional differences in rental housing affordability following rent deregulation in the Czech Republic. The objective is to identify the types of households potentially at risk of being unable to afford housing, to map the development of potential housing (un)affordability since 2000, and to trace the development of regional differences in the percentage of at-risk households in the Czech Republic. Owing to the absence of useful aggregate data on incomes and expenditures for different household types in the regions of the Czech Republic, the authors created their own simulation methodology for measuring housing affordability, which uses available regional wage statistics and data on market rents. The results indicate that the general risk of being unable to afford rental housing and regional differences in housing affordability are both decreasing, but there is still a relatively large group of households that under current wage conditions for paying social benefits would be unable to afford to pay market rents.

11

Vnitřní periferie v České republice jako mechanismus sociální exkluze

70%

Musil J.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2008

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tom 44

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nr 2

321-348

EN

Peripheral regions are most often described in terms of economic geography. However, this study stresses more the sociological aspects of peripheries, studying not only the causes, but also the social effects of life in peripheral regions. The authors use the term 'inner peripheries' because most of the peripheral regions detected in their analyses are located in the inner parts of the country, mainly along the borders of the administrative regions (kraje). Their approach combines the concept of the life world (espace vecu) as defined by A. Fremont and A. Giddens when describing the social and cultural consequences of living in peripheries, and a modified version of G. Myrdal's theory of cumulative circular causation when trying to explain the origin and growth of peripheries. In the Czech Republic inner peripheries are usually the peripheral zones of metropolitan areas and regional centre areas. In the mid-1990s population numbers stopped declining in some peripheries as a result of suburbanisation processes, but in other peripheries depopulation processes continued. This last category of inner peripheries can be described as the hard core of Czech peripheral regions and in the authors' opinion they warrant the development of specific regional policy measures, stressing the creation of new jobs, the improvement of public transport, greater accessibility of service centres, and co-operation among communities.

12

Uvíznutí v marginalitě: vzdělávací trh, „romské školy“ a reprodukce sociálně prostorových nerovností

60%

Nekorjak M. , Souralová A. , Vomastková K.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2011

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tom 47

|

nr 4

657-681

EN

Roma urban enclaves can be characterised as social peripheries or so-called excluded localities in which poverty and unemployment are concentrated. The separation of the Roma from the majority occurs both in the social space and in the educational system through the existence of sub-standard, low-demanding basic schools, where the majority of students are Roma. Both spatial and educational exclusion have become the subject of public debate, policies, and, in the case of schools, of international legal disputes. In the article the authors ask what mechanisms lie behind the existence/functioning of ‘Roma schools’ in the vicinity of deprived urban enclaves with Roma populations. To answer this question they introduce the concept of ethnically segmented local education markets, which emerged in large cities after 1989. These markets interconnect deprived Roma localities with ‘Roma schools’ and are a part of the wider problem of the low social mobility of segregated urban Roma. The authors show that the ethnically segmented education market is shaped by three factors: (a) the spatial structure, (b) the institutional framework, including law and policy as well as schools, and (c) the educational strategies of both Roma and non-Roma parents. The data the authors used in the analysis came from the Czech part of an international quantitative and qualitative study in which more than 920 questionnaires were completed by students and teachers and 80 interviews were conducted with students, parents and teachers in two large Czech cities. For a better understanding of the authors’ basic argument they chose just one segmented local market as an illustrative example.

13

Sociální vyloučení (exkluze) a sociální začlenování (inkluze) – koncepty, diskurz, agenda

60%

Mares P. , Sirovatka T.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2008

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tom 44

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nr 2

271-294

EN

EU programme documents designed to influence the social policies of the member states are filled with concepts of social exclusion and social inclusion. This paper aims to clarify these concepts as they are employed in academic and public policy discourse and to discuss the societal function of this discourse and the impact of the European agenda of social inclusion. The authors show that although concepts of social exclusion and social inclusion are far from straightforward in meaning, their influence on public policy discourse and agenda is evident. The reason is that they redirect social policy towards a multidimensional approach, towards balancing rights and obligations, and towards more complex but also local and individualised policies, though the corresponding discourse bears the normative features of a social 'vision'. The EU's social policy agenda exhibits aspirations towards and some potential for achieving real policy change. On the other hand, there are reservations about its true impact. In this respect, the specific societal and political context of its implementation plays a crucial role.

14

“VYVOLENÍ, OUTSIDEŘI A ROMOVÉ“: SELEKCE ŽÁKŮ V ZÁKLADNÍ ŠKOLE S VÝBĚROVÝMI TŘÍDAMI

60%

Vorlíček R.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2017

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tom 65

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nr 1

26 – 38

EN

Drawing from an ethnography study, this article examines the process of selection in educational settings. Special attention is paid to one elementary school in western part of Slovak Republic. The article outlines how school mechanisms help to shape the social boundaries among pupils and social groups. The article also sheds light on many aspects of social position of Roma pupil. In this context, the text says that Roma pupil position depends on the social space in the school building and interaction of school and non-school settings. The text brings into dialogue various themes on education, social inequality and interethnic relationship. The fieldwork is based on observation and unstructured interviews.

15

Periferní oblasti jižních Čech a jejich sociálně populační stabilita

60%

Kubeš J. , Kraft S.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2011

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tom 47

|

nr 4

805-830

EN

In this article the authors identify peripheral municipalities and peripheral areas in the South Bohemian region (county) and monitor their social-population instability. Poor accessibility to micro-regional cores by public transport was used as the criterion to define municipalities as peripheral. Peripheral areas. Seven state-border, six county-border and nine intra-county peripheral areas were delimited in the South Bohemian region. Consequently, the authors monitored the differences between peripheral areas and their types and between peripheral municipalities, semi-peripheral municipalities, suburban municipalities and micro-regional cores (towns) on the basis of dissimilar values of defined indicators of social-population instability. Such differences are also explained in terms of the concept of spatially conditioned social exclusion. The authors defi ned and used some basic socio-economic indicators in their research: index of population development between 1971 and 2009 and between 1990 and 2009; proportion of the population in the age groups 0–14 and 65+ in 2009; rate of registered unemployment in 2009; proportion of the population with the secondary school-leaving examination in 2001; number of flats built per 1000 inhabitants between 2000 and 2008. Social-population instability was found mainly in county-border peripheral areas and also in a number of state-border peripheral areas. The authors also examined regional social policies for peripheral municipalities and peripheral areas. In the article’s theoretical discussion, and to explain regional social policies for peripheral municipalities and areas, the authors draw on the concept of social exclusion and distinguish spatially unconditioned social exclusion and spatially conditioned social exclusion, which includes social exclusion that results from living in peripheral municipalities and areas.

16

SOCIÁLNE VYLÚČENIE Z POHĽADU NORMATÍVNEJ TEÓRIE

60%

Palovičová Z.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2013

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tom 68

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nr 7

595 – 605

EN

The social exclusion is inseparable from considering a legitimate social order or social coherence. The paper tries to shed more light on the idea of social exclusion. Its focus is on the theoretical tension inherent in it as well as on the current ways of approaching social exclusion which underline the normative perspective. Contrary to the conceptions interpreting social exclusion as the problem of unequal opportunities as well as conceptions considering social exclusion as undesirable, their argumentation being utilitarist or welfarist, the paper wants to define social conditions in which persons are approached with equal respect regardless to their place in the social structure in question.

17

CESTY K INKLÚZII RÓMSKYCH DETÍ PREDŠKOLSKÉHO VEKU ŽIJÚCICH V SOCIÁLNE VYLÚČENOM PROSTREDÍ V TRNAVE

60%

Štofej J.

Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)

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2016

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tom 23

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nr 1

51 - 65

EN

The number of Roma children attending infant school has significantly decreased after 1989 in Slovakia and in this context we can talk about their social exclusion and insufficient access to the social services. It is important to create inclusive strategies to improve this unfavourable situation. The objective of the author ś work is to suggest how to improve inclusive program for preschool children in a socially excluded area and how to improve the approach of educational institutions to children and parents.

18

SPATIAL ASPECTS OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION

60%

Dzambazovic R.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2007

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tom 39

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nr 5

432-458

EN

The interest of the Slovak sociology in dealing with poverty and social exclusion has been rising steadily. Although the spatial aspect of poverty and social exclusion is one of the essential problems, the interest in it is only marginal. This study is trying to trace various spatial levels the poverty problem is connected with. It follows these aspects: 1. interregional disparity concentrating on social-spatial marginal regions; 2. Inter- community disparity; 3. local disparity. Within each level the author presents recent theoretical and indicative referential frames filling them with analysis of the data accessible in the Slovak Republic. The growth of social differentiation after 1989 goes hand in hand with spatial disparity. The interregional and inter-local disparities intensify; the most affected being social-spatial marginalized regions, smaller villages and spatial (also social) segregated communities, poor neighbourhoods in the towns and villages. The study also analyses an extreme example of spatial disparity of the segregated Roma settlements and warns of possible community and neighbourhood effect on intergenerational poverty transfer.

19

(NE)BEZPEČNÍ ROMOVÉ? ANALÝZA VÝZNAMU BEZPEČNOSTI VE VZTAHU K ROMŮM VE VLÁDNÍCH DOKUMENTECH ČESKÉ A SLOVENSKÉ REPUBLIKY

60%

Walach V.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2016

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tom 48

|

nr 2

172 – 191

EN

The present paper engages with the semantic relationship between security and Roma in the context of Central European liberal democracies. On the basis of comparative analysis of Czech and Slovak strategic documents, it is pointed out that an ambivalent construction of the (in)security of Roma occurs. The Roma are seen both as threatened and threatening. Whether it is done directly or via the production of specific categories such as the "socially inadaptable", this presents a challenge for liberal governance. In conclusion, this illiberal tendency is identified with the phenomenon of "reasonable anti-Gypsyism", and policy suggestions are drawn up.

20

Časoprostorové a infrastrukturní aspekty procesu sociální exkluze

60%

Růžička M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

|

2011

|

tom 47

|

nr 2

273-296

EN

Researchers who have studied the living conditions of Roma (Gypsy) communities since the collapse of state socialism in Eastern Europe tend to emphasise two dimensions of the growing degree of social exclusion of the Roma: the economic dimension (the decline in socio-economic status) and the spatial dimension (the growing levels of residential segregation). This article aims to study how spatial exclusion and involuntary residential segregation ‘function’, that is, how they operate on the social micro level as a ‘generator’ of social and economic disadvantage. Certain types of objective obstacles arise in the living environment of excluded people and they continuously have to overcome these obstacles on an everyday basis. The author analyses how spatial exclusion acts on the excluded by requiring relatively high expenditures of money and time for them to overcome exclusion. He then examines the infrastructural dimensions of spatial exclusion, describing infrastructural exclusion as a dimension of disadvantage in which the excluded have limited access to infrastructures and through them resources otherwise commonly accessible in the dominant socio-economic system. Access to these infrastructures and resources can be regarded as an indicator of social integration and as an essential precondition for equal and meaningful social and economic participation in the life of the dominant socio-economic system. In conclusion, the author discusses the conflicting or almost contradictory relationship between the generation of spatial and infrastructural exclusion on the one hand and social integration projects on the other.