This essay, written for the Czech translation of Edward Said’s (1935–2003) Orientalism (1978), explores ways in which to apply Said’s concept to Slavic Studies. The author points out two key features. The first, the concept of ‘self-Orientalization’ (which the author uses in this context), indicates that Slavness (unlike Orientalism) is an activity developed chiefly within the community it relates to. Second, the concept signals that in certain circumstances among Slavs as a whole strategies develop that ‘Orientalize’ the individual parts among themselves (for example, the relations between Russian Slavdom and ‘south-central-European’ Slavdom). The author offers two examples in support of his premise: one, a contextual interpretation of Pushkin’s Klevetnikam Rossii (To the Slanderers of Russia, 1831); the other, an interpretation of intra-Slav tensions and the thematization of Slavness, which appeared during the preparations for the Slav Congress of 1908. In conclusion, the author states that the general inspiration of Said’s concept consists in the interdisciplinary exploration of the ways in which these ideas were formed, who formed them, and what was the longterm result.
The authoress follows Slovak studies on the Moscow State University from their beginning. Despite of the fact, that the Slavic studies existed as department on the named University even from the first years of 19th century, they were almost in the same position till half of the 20th century. Then prof. N. A. Kondrashov led the group of 12 students of the Slovak studies, that was growing in time, with the aim not only to promote the Slovak language and culture, but also to educate further linguists, lexicographers and translators from the Slovak literature.
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The Slavic studies in Slovakia have been continuously formed as an interdisciplinary, coordinated and systematic research which has covered a wide range of research projects. A fundamental identification component of the Slavic research in Slovakia is the study of the Slovak – Slavic and Slovak – non-Slavic linguistic and cultural relations. The Slavic studies in Slovakia is perceived as a systematized discipline since it allows connections between several scientific fields which play an important role in examining cultural, social and political issues. The Slavic concept in Slovakia is an integral part of an internationally accepted Slavic environment and in various scientific-organizational forms of cooperation allows a wide range of scientific fields to form competent and scientific-organizational background for interdisciplinary, comprehensive and systematic research within the regional, wider European and international context.
This article deals with the description of Croatian lands in the road notes and letters of Russian academicians, specialists in Slavic studies in the first half of the 19th century. Such Russian academicians as Osip Bodyansky, Fyodor Chizhov, Izmail Sreznevsky, Petr Preis and Viktor Grigorovich during the visits to Croatia tried to find the material connected with Croatian language, culture and history. They had also a communication with activists of Illyrian movement which began to spread among the Croatians at that period. Their notes contain the description of the different sides of the life of common Croatian people. The notes and letters of Russian academicians are very interesting and important source of the history of Russian Slavic studies, Croato-Russian relations and the history of Croatia of the first half of the 19th century.
Martin Hattala has become widely known as a codifier of the standard Slovak and the significant Slavist. He is accredited the authorship of the codifying work 'Kratka mluvnica slovenská' (A Short Grammar of Slovak) (1852) that became a valid and obligatory standard up to 1902 when it was replaced by Cambel's 'Rukovat spisovnej reci slovenskej' (A Compendium of Standard Slovak Language). He is the author of some Slavistic works such as 'Mluvnica ruska a starobulharská' (A Grammar of Russian and Old Bulgarian) written in Czech, the study 'Kousek cteni o srbcine u korunniho prince Rudolfa' (A Piece of Reading on Serbian at Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria) written in German and 'Mluvnica chorvatska' (A Grammar of Croatian) written in Czech and stored at the Literary Archives of the Memorial of National Literature in Prague. All these works express his opinion that Old Church Slavonic is a starting point of all Slavic languages. Hattala's contacts with European scholars, a creative university environment, his study of Slavic languages and the linguistic works in the field of the Slavic studies, Czech, Bulgarian, Serbian or Russian, the support and confidence he received from the Catholic intelligentsia were his starting point for the standard Slovak language codification. The historical meaning of Martin Hattala's work can be seen in his synthetic efforts for the Slovak language benefit and his analytical approach to the particular Slavic languages.
The fate of Slavic studies in Russia is complicated and it had its ups (late 19th and early 20th century) and downs (1920s and 1930s), but until now there has been a multidisciplinary tradition of studying all Slavic peoples, their languages, literature, history and culture. The article introduces readers to the Slovak studies in Russia beginning with the first research on Slovaks, which appeared when interest in Slavs in other countries was just emerging in Russia (P. I. Keppen). Further on the works of the first Russian Slavists sent by universities to Slavic lands “with research tasks” are considered. Those scientists (О. М. Bodyansky, I.I. Sreznevsky, P. P. Preys, V. I. Grigorovich and following) gathered knowledge on Slovak (but not only) dialects, folklore and the way of life, culture and history of the people and laid foundation for the studies of the next generation of Slavists ( М. P. Petrovsky, Т. D. Florinsky, А. I. Stepovich, N. V. Yastrebov). The current state of investigations in Slovak language, literature, history and culture is represented by contemporary Slovak studies, which are concentrated in the Institute for Slavic Studies in Moscow, Moscow State University, Saint-Petersburg State University. In the article main researchers and their works and publications are presented. The article is based on general research into the history of Slavic studies carried out by leading Russian scientists (L. P. Lapteva, M. A. Robinson, M. Ju. Dostaľ) and special studies devoted to the history of Slovak studies in Russia (L. N. Smirnov, N. A. Kondrashov and others).
The subject of the paper is a concise history of the penetration of the Slovak matters in France in the works of French Slavists. From the 19th century, Slovak matters started to be strongly promoted in the French environment. Especially 1830’s are an important period when the French environment started to notice Slavs much more intensively. The beginnings of the development of Slavic studies in France are linked to the arrival of Slavic immigrants in Paris and their activities and later by the establishment of the Department of Slavic languages and literature and issuing of the magazine Revues des Deux Mondes. In the second half of the 19th century more and more information about the Slavic people, but also about expatriates in France became known. Slavic Studies began to be developed, which is represented by the personalities as E. Denis, L. Leger and many others. The result of their work is that the Slavic problem in France is gaining an important position and is of great importance especially for the Slavic peoples of the Habsburg monarchy, among them the Slovaks.
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