This essay compares the four published English translations of Bian cheng (Border Town) of Shen Congwen’s novel, discussing personal, linguistic, social, political, historical, and cross-cultural factors that might have influenced the translations and their reception when they appeared, respectively, in 1936, 1947, 1962, and 2009.
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This paper performs a critical reading of the counter-intuitive inclusion of Zhang Zhaohe, a minor writer best known as the wife of the great novelist Shen Congwen, in Modern Chinese Stories, an English anthology compiled by Indian diplomat K.M. Panikkar. Proposing the concept of “subterranean translation”, this paper shows how the explicit translation of Zhang’s story functioned as an implicit inclusion of Shen, when he was denied legitimacy by the state’s literary authorities due to his non-compliance. Shen was present in the anthology not through direct translation of his works, but through a strong intertextuality between his real-life predicament and the protagonist’s dilemma in Zhang’s story.
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