Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Geneza obrony przeciwrakietowej USA

100%

Czajkowski M.

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nr 1(13)

291-317

EN

During the last few decades the issue of the proliferation of the ballistic missile systems is becoming an increasing problem. This type of weapon system is not only efficient on the battlefield but also has a role as an instrument of deterrence. Therefore the defence against this threat is a very important factor, carefully considered by many governments within their military and security policies. This article refers to the evolution of the US missile defence systems that evolved during the Cold War together with the broader background changes in the international security environment of the time. The analysis of this process should underline the complexity of technological, political and economic factors that influence the development of missile defence as a tool of security policy in our times too.

2

Obsceniczność w świetle I poprawki do Konstytucji USA

88%

Dziduszko-Rosciszewska A.

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nr 1(13)

229-239

EN

In the United States, the cradle of civil rights and modern democracy, the freedom of expression is guaranteed in the First Amendment to American Constitution (Bill of Rights), enacted in 1789 (came into force in 1791). On its virtue, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of […] the freedom of speech, or of the press […]”. Although the record suggested that this freedom is absolute (not restricted of any legislation), the later jurisdiction of the US Supreme Court (by case law) isolated categories of utterances that have not been contained by the First Amendment. The essential issues are answers on the following questions: in the name of what values Congress can limit the First Amendment? And where is the border of freedom of speech? One of the expressions that is not protected by the law is obscenity. The term (in Latin obscenus, meaning foul, repulsive, detestable) describes all categories of expressions that profane the standard of sexual morality, that is commonly in force in present time. Obscenity is defined differently in cultures and societies. It is extremely difficult to find the border between art and pornography (e.g. Michelangelo’s David can be an example). What for one is full accepted in art, for others can be recognized as abusive (especially when it is concerned to religion feelings). The role of the government is to take common definition that reflects social consensus in the subject: on the one hand to guarantee the right to freedom of speech, on the other hand to protect citizens from the obscenity matters that are not accepted by them because they flout their customs. American understanding of the obscenity has been changed with the evolution of the social sense of decency. Creating common definition was not easy because general concept could encroach the right to the First Amendment. Subjects that for some readers could cause sexual association and excite them, not necessarily cause similar feelings in other ones. The aim of this analyze is to introduce the history of the debate about obscenity in United States.

3

Biodegradability of the compounds introduced with microelement fertilizers into the environment

75%

Borowiec M. , Polańska P. , Hoffmann J.

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nr 3

38-41

EN

The results of laboratory studies into the oxygen biodegradation of chelating substances in aqueous medium under kinetic and static test conditions with added glucose as an additional source of carbon, are presented. It has been found that S,S-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (S,S-EDDS) and methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA) are more readily degradable than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), most commonly used in the production of microelement fertilizers. It has also been found that the presence of additional carbon sources accelerates biodegradation.

4

Możliwości wykorzystania doświadczeń Stanów Zjednoczonych w zakresie form zabezpieczenia preferencyjnych kredytów studenckich w Polsce

75%

Frańczuk M.

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nr 875

5-15

EN

The paper focuses on the problems of financing university education through student loans. It presents a comparative overview of the student loan systems in Poland and the United States, where this method of financing education is very common. The author also proposes alternative means of securing student loans in Poland. The construction of the security comes partly from the U.S. student loan system and the concept of securing preferential student loans is based on the student work system.

5

Wybrane aspekty polityki zagranicznej USA w kontekście stosunków transatlantyckich

75%

Moniak P.

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nr 2

39-62

EN

Following the terrorists’ attacks of 11 September 2001, the position of executive power in the United States has grown in unprecedented way. During two presidential terms of George W. Bush, the foreign policy of the USA was based upon the new vision of global confrontation between good and evil. The war on terror doctrine, which in fact reflected imperial ambitions of the Bush’s administration, dominated the international activities of the global leader and had some impact on its allies in Europe. This article aims to analyse theoretical and factual aspects of so called 9/11 policy in the context of international public law obligations. It constitutes a specific warning against uncritical approval, on the part of states, of any leadership which follows no international regulations. In particular, the article attempts to evaluate the impact the 9/11 policy had on European states including Poland.

6

Porównanie atrybutów mocarstwowości na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki i Federacji Rosyjskiej

63%

Gajewski Ł. , Rentz-Tylińska R.

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tom 12

108-128

EN

The article brings up a complicated problem of the measurement of national power. Many researchers have made numerous attempts to describe the issue in the theoretical view. Theoretical models which were drawn up can give reports of state powers which are not always too competitive. In practice, the task of setting the real measurement and comparing national powers is very complicated. In this area the most appropriate are models of F.C.German and J.S.Cline. Factors affecting the establishing of position of the state are various. For example the role of having the nuclear arsenal is still significant, but not as important as it was in the 1960s and 1970s. Of course the basic elements like geographical situation, relations with bordering states, military, economic, demographic component still exist. At present earlier determinants in form of: energetic resources, radioactive elements, petroleum, natural gas, demographic factors, even cultural attractiveness are gaining importance in positioning power. Position of power is not given forever and can change even as a result of random events.

7

Possibility of Some Metals Dissolution in Mixtures of Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Aliphatic Halogen Derivative. Part III. Characteristics of the Metallic Palladium Dissolution Reaction in Binary Organic Mixtures

63%

Jurek K. , Lenarcik B.

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2006

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tom Vol. 80, nr 5

729-736

EN

The study of dissolution process showed that the palladium could be dissolved at 323Kin organic system which consisted of DMSO and one of the following solvents: 1,2-dibromoethane, tribromomethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane or tetrabromomethane. As a result of the dissolution reaction in binary organic system, the square planar palladium( II) complexes were obtained. Products of the dissolution of metallic palladium were characterized using UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, MS spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and analytical methods.

8

T.S. Eliot’s Anti-Elitist View of Education

63%

Budziak A.

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tom 10

57-64

EN

Born into a family boasting eminent educators—William Greenleaf Eliot, founder of Washington University in St. Louis, and Charles William Eliot, famous Harvard President—T.S. Eliot joined the debate about schools and universities early on, in the era of the great educational reform leading to the development of the system of elective courses. He criticized the changes and the resulting decline of Classics, though his concern with the problem of education was never being purely theoretical. On the one hand, his own education was a product of the elective system, and he himself, as he complained, a “victim” of it. On the other hand, Eliot, for a while, was also a teacher: prior to working at Lloyds Bank, and before his professional and financial investment in Faber and Faber, he taught pupils in grammar schools and, as an extension lecturer under the auspices of Oxford University, evening classes to adults. His interest in educational issues continued over many years, assuming diverse forms—from writing on education to lecturing and giving opening addresses at universities, to recommending poetry books for pupils and asking practical questions about the accessibility of university accommodation for students from abroad. Nevertheless, he was criticized for seeming to oppose the equality of educational opportunity. This essay re-examines the ideas from Eliot’s “Notes towards the Definition of Culture” (1948) and “The Aims of Education” (the four lectures delivered in 1950 and included in “To Criticize the Critic” in 1965) in the context of his ephemeral prose writings, and it reconsiders the question of whether Eliot’s views on education did indeed represent exclusivist elitism.