Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Przełomowy moment w rozwoju słowianofilstwa

100%

Poliszczuk J.

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tom Tom 1 Nr XXIV

143-153

EN

The research is dedicated to the development of Slavic idea in the Ukrainian romantic circles of adherents, namely in the secret circle, called Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, which existed in Kyiv during 1846–1847 years. That comradeship represented its own original understanding of Slavic problems. After it was eliminated by the regime of the Russian Empire, all Slavophil movements were stopped and theirs participants were persecuted and arrested. That is why the author of the article treats 1847 as a year of arresting Kyiv’s conspirators and as a time of change in the development of Slavic ideology.

2

Становлення інституту губернаторської влади на Волині (кінець XVIII – друга половина XІX ст.)

86%

Бортніков В.

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tom 6

192-199

EN

Many scientific works are lack the specific historical material, but complex, multidimensional processes of Ukrainian state are often considered after simplified traditional schemes, without taking into account regional specificity, due to the prolonged stay of Ukrainian lands in the structure of other state formations. The process of the institution establishment of the provincial government attached from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth territories is stipulated by the policy of the tsarist government aimed at strengthening of the centralized management of the Russian Empire. It acquired the concentrated shape in the «theory of official nationality», which envisaged the integration of autocracy, orthodoxy and nation into the «united and indivisible» Russia. The policy of the central authorities was determined as well by the struggle for spheres of influence between the «Russian imperialism» and by the Polish landowners’ elite, the attempt to tear the Ukrainian population from the Polish revolutionary movement. Catherine II considered each province as a governorship, and therefore at each of them appointed “the sovereign’s Viceroy or the Governor-General and subordinate to him «the ruler of the governorship or the Governor». Later, «the Governor of province or Governor became to be known as civil Governor. The latter had subordinated for the management of economic affairs «the Lieutenant Governor or Vice-Governor”. As a rule, the Governors-General were as well commanders of military districts. On the outskirts of the Empire, the Governor-General are not so much watched, but rather directed the state policy in a certain direction, as a kind of «repeater» of the cultural activities of the state, and in some places its founder. In the North-Western and South-Western region governors-General primarily pursued political goals: «to prevent the possibility of an armed uprising and to tighten the connection of the land with the Empire». The direct management of the province was exercised by civil governors. An important step in determining their place and role in the hierarchy of the higher ranks of the Empire, and a careful regulation of their activities was the «General instructions of the civil governors» (1837) Nicholas I. The order clearly defined the legal status of these governors primarily as «security guards inviolability of the supreme rights of the autocracy.» At the same time they had no right t to «make regulations..., install, taxes or charges», and they are not allowed to change court verdicts or to assume the functions of judges. The order stated the provisions of the welfare of the inhabitants of the province, their protection from unlawful harassment. One of the powerful levers of state policy in the Russian Empire was the Orthodox Church and faith; it is no accident that the civil Governor was given the responsibility in the ensuring favorable conditions for strengthening, protection from the split, the influence of heretical doctrines and facts of the proselytism. At the heart of the provincial institutions there was the principle of their division into administrative, judicial and financial. Full executive power belonged to the provincial government, headed by the civil Governor. The Job title of the provincial Prosecutor, the provincial solicitors for criminal and civil cases, provincial land surveyor, architect, etc. had been founded. Beside the provincial board, the Governor headed a significant part of other provincial agencies. The Governor, who was appointed by the Emperor at his discretion or on the proposal of the Ministry of internal affairs, was formally the head of the local provincial administration. He was the highest representative of the administrative and police authorities in the province, had broad administrative and supervisory credentials.

3

Образовательно-культурные связи Вильны с учебными заведениями правобережной Украины в первой четверти XIX века

72%

Prishchepa E.

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tom 1

59-67

EN

The article analyzes educational and cultural connections of Vilno with educational establishments of Right-Bank Ukraine in the first quarter of the 19th century and includes the study of the external factors’ influence on the formation of town cultural environment in Ukrainian provinces within the Russian empire in the period when Lithuanian, Belorussian and Ukrainian territories of the former Rzeczpospolita (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) were the part of Vilno educational district. The article states that educational establishments controlled by Vilno University took the most important part in the processes of interaction and communication of towns’ population in that period. In this connection the article considers official transfers of teaching staff within Belorussian and Ukrainian territories. School teachers were mostly representatives of land-poor gentry and promoted both the expansion of school activity sphere and spiritual communication in towns and settlements of Right-Bank Ukraine provinces in general. The article also pays attention and stresses the movement of printed matter and certain cultural values from Vilno to the educational establishments of Right-Bank Ukraine. The article makes a conclusion that Polish culture dominated in towns’ cultural space.

4

Forms of insurance of goods transported via water in the inter-uprising period in the Kingdom of Poland

72%

Rutkowski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

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tom z. 107

153--163

EN

In May of 1844, more than twenty years after taking the first steps in the field of regulating watercourse transportation issues, the new law introducing strict water transportation measures in the Kingdom of Poland was accepted by the Russian Tsar. These new proposals, though seen as practically harsh and difficult, for instance, possibly limiting the opportunity of obtaining compensation payments might have given some new strong impulses for the development of Polish water transportations issues as a whole.

5

Solnictwo w carskiej Rosji. organizacja, technika wydobywcza, handel

58%

Krokosz P.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2014

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nr 29

165-214

EN

The article presents the issues related to the Russian salt excavation and processing from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Within these three centuries arose several strong salt production centers scattered in different parts of Russia. In the north, the important role was played by saltworks held by the Solovetsky monastery, supplying all the Pomor Coast (lands extending at the White Sea) with salt and production facilities operating in Sol’vychegodsk. In the region of central Russia, the most important one was located near Staraya Russa near Novgorod, which is one of the oldest centers of salt production in the Ruthenian lands and Sol’ Galitskaya with its shallow brine sources. In the mid-sixteenth century through the Stroganov family evaporated salt production developed in the basin of the Kama River, and the “salt company” created by one of its members-Grigoriy Stroganov – at the beginning of the eighteenth century supplied up to 60% of this product to the internal market. In the 1580s the exploitation of salt lakes near Astrakhan increased and the salt obtained there was used for salting fish delivered to many Russian cities. In the first half of the eighteenth century the tax authorities acceded to obtain salt from the Caspian waters of Lake Alton, which soon-due to the significantly lower production costs-was able to partly drive the salt coming from old salt production centers out of the market. Almost simultaneously with cheap Alton salt a small amount of salt mined in Sol’ilieck (the Orenburg Province) appeared in the sale. The salt delivered to the Russian recipient until the turn of the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries was acquired from three main sources: the sea, the salt lakes and underground sources of brine (later rock salt began to be operated on a larger scale). The salt evaporation technique, which developed in the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries, survived almost unchanged until the end of the nineteenth century. In all Russian salt production centers one type of a saltery building operated and it could sometimes differ only by size (saltworks of the Stroganov family were usually larger). Also one form of chren was used-a large rectangular vessel to evaporate salt which was suspended over the furnace positioned in the middle of the saltery (in the White Sea salteries chrens were round). The course of evaporation was supervised by a “saltery master”, together with a group of apprentices. No less important role was played by the specialist knowledgeable in brine well digging technique, through which the brine got straight to the saltery. Salt production and trade in Russia from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries were profitable activities, although there were cases of bankruptcies of many manufacturers because they made bad investments. In 1705, Tsar Peter I, anxious to increase the income of the country introduced a monopoly on the salt trade. According to the decision of the ruler, the producers were required to provide the tax authorities with the product at a set price, and the authorities introduced it themselves to the market already with a reasonable profit. Despite later attempts to withdraw from such a policy or introduce other fiscal solutions, the state monopoly on salt sale survived in Russia until the nineteenth century.

6

World War I and mathematics in “The Russian World”

58%

Demidov S. S.

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2015

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tom Y. 112, iss. 2-NP

77--92

EN

The First World War marked a turning point in the Russian history. The country entered the war in August 1914 as an empire, and in 1918, when the war ended, its name was: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1917 it confronted two revolutions – the February and the October Revolutions. As a result of the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks ruled the country and began the construction of a new type of state. In 1918 a civil war broke out, which was largely over in 1920, but in some areas continued until 1922. In the end of 1922 the USSR was formed ‒ the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics. In this article we analyze the impact which these events had on academic and mathematical life. We discuss the mathematical schools of St. Petersburg and Moscow, mathematical centers in Kazan Kharkov, Kiev and Odessa, academic institutions relocated inland (University of Warsaw, Riga Polytechnics) and others. We also mention mathematicians immigrants from Russia, who became a common phenomenon in mathematical communities of other countries.

PL

Pierwsza wojna światowa wyznaczyła punkt zwrotny w historii Rosji. Kraj do początku wojny w sierpniu 1914 roku funkcjonował jako Imperium, a w czasie jej zakończenia w 1918 roku jego nazwa brzmiała: Rosyjska Federacyjna Socjalistyczna Republika Radziecka. W wyniku rewolucji październikowej bolszewicy rządzili krajem i rozpoczęli budowę nowego typu państwa. W 1918 roku wybuchła wojna domowa, która w wielu miejscach trwała do roku 1920, zaś w niektórych do roku 1922, z którego końcem powstał ZSRR ‒ Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich. W artykule analizujemy wpływ wspomnianych wydarzeń na matematyczne życie naukowe. Omówione zostaną szkoły matematyczne w Petersburgu i Moskwie, ośrodki matematyczne w Kazaniu Charkowie, Kijowie i Odessie, a także instytucje akademickie ewakuowane w głąb Rosji (np. Carski Uniwersytet Warszawski, Politechnika Ryska) i inne. Wspomnimy również matematyków imigrantów z Rosji, którzy zasłużyli się w ośrodkach matematycznych innych krajów.

7

Алексей Бошняк – сербский волонтер на русской государственной службе: опыт бюрократической аккультурации (1730-1770-е гг.)

44%

Джунджузов С.

Wschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny

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2019

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tom XVI (2019)

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nr 3: Rzeczpospolita i Wschód, pod red. Artura Góraka

141-149

RU

В статье на основе архивных документов, главным образом биографического содержания, рассматривается служебная карьера сербского волонтера Алексея Бошняка в России. На его примере показаны условия аккультурации иностранцев в среде российского чиновничества в XVIII в., затаривавшие овладение навыками исполнения служебных обязанностей, выстраивание отношений с сослуживцами и начальниками, ощущение своей принадлежности к служилому сообществу, продвижение по служебной лестнице и другие значимые аспекты.

EN

Based on archival documents, mainly of a biographical nature, the author analyzes the clerical career of the Serbian volunteer Alexei Bosniak in Russia. His example shows the condition for the acculturation of foreigners among Russian officials in the 18th century, which consisted of mastering the skills of performing official duties, building relationship with colleagues and bosses, as well as a sense of belonging to the service community, career development and other important aspects.

PL

Na podstawie dokumentów archiwalnych, głównie o charakterze biograficznym autor analizuje karierę służbową serbskiego ochotnika Aleksieja Bośniaka w Rosji. Jego przykład pokazuje warunki akulturacji cudzoziemców wśród rosyjskich urzędników w XVIII wieku, które polegały na opanowaniu umiejętności wykonywania obowiązków służbowych, budowaniu relacji z kolegami i szefami, poczuciu przynależności do społeczności usługowej, rozwoju kariery i innych istotnych aspektach.