Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Slavonic Culture in the Transylvanian Part of the Kingdom of Hungary, from the 15th to the Early 16th Century

100%

Tărîță M.

Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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2023

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tom 16

209-225

EN

In Transylvania, part of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 15th century, a Slavonic cultural evolution existed despite the political domination of the Hungarian aristocracy and the towns of the Saxes. Even if the Romanians (Olachs, Vallachs) and other Eastern Christian groups had no political representation, several cultural centres existed. The main areas were north of Transylvania in Maramureș (where there was even a concurrence between the Romanians and Ruthenians supported by the hierarchy in Mukachevo), especially the monastery Peri, in Banat, it was at the Bodrog monastery, the Romanian districts in Southern Transylvania (e.g., Haczak/Hațeg), in Feleac since the second part of the 15th century and also in several villages. The last one is also illustrated by heritage as the manuscript from 1511 copied in Bîrgău by priest Mikhail. Several catalogues of Transylvanian Slavonic manuscripts were published during the second part of the 20th century. Among the editors were I. Iufu, Ch. Pistrui, T. Bojan. Valuable studies were written by M. Dan and O. Filipoiu (focusing on cultural relations between Moldavia and Transylvania) and R. Popa (dedicated to the history of Maramureș). An important hypothesis on Romanian culture in Transylvania belongs to A.A. Rusu (1999). The Slavonic cultural areas in Transylvania had cultural contacts with Moldavia and a less studied topic with Wallachia. As a result, the Slavonic manuscripts in Transylvania even have specific differences besides their Moldavian models (especially from Neamț monastery). The topic is still open for researchers, and among the important issues is establishing the affiliation to a Slavonic handwriting school or style (besides the possible local eclectics).

2

Contemporary Romanian Migrations to Serbia: Stages, Actors, Reasons

86%

Sorescu-Marinkovic A.

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2016

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tom 23

151-166

EN

This paper aims at offering insight into the contemporary migration of Romanians towards Serbia, starting with the interwar period, continuing with the communist rule and focusing on the period after the fall of the Romanian communist regime, in 1989. What this study does is delimit the stages of the Romanian migration to Serbia, identify the social categories taking part in these migratory processes, the preferred regions for settling in Serbia, as well as the reasons behind people’s decision to leave the country. I also show how the Romanian emigrants relate to the Romanian autochthonous communities in Serbia (the Vlachs of Eastern Serbia and the Romanians of Vojvodina), in which they usually settle. After presenting the theoretical background relating to ethnic migrations, I introduce a new theoretical concept, reverse ethnic migration, which best fits the situation of contemporary Romanian migrants to Serbia. These migrations take place from a majority (Romanians in Romania) towards a national minority (Romanians or Vlachs in Serbia), thus in an „opposite” direction. The migrations are not state supported and they are individual in most of the cases. I argue that the interwar migrations were state planned, being the result of the Yugoslav-Romanian School Convention from 1933; those taking place during communism were triggered, in many instances, by political reasons; while the post-communist migration was labour oriented.

3

School, society, culture and national identity in Oradea in the period 1920–1930

58%

Romînașu R. , Ardelean L.

UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

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2023

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tom 26

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nr 1

26-43

PL

Życie kulturalne i społeczne w sposób oczywisty przyczynia się do kształtowania samoświadomości w obrębie społeczności, która poprzez akt kultury asertywnie zaznacza swoją obecność na polu stosunków międzynarodowych. Jednocześnie kultura stanowi czuły barometr życia społeczno-gospodarczego i politycznego, dzięki któremu można zidentyfikować szereg istotnych czynników odbudowy i rozwoju narodów. W okresie międzywojennym społeczeństwo rumuńskie stanęło w obliczu złożonej sytuacji spowodowanej rozległymi zmianami społeczno-politycznymi, gospodarczymi i kulturowymi, które nastąpiły po zakończeniu I wojny światowej. Konsekwentnie realizowano promocję interesów rumuńskiego państwa narodowego i kultury masowej w skali całego kraju. Tendencje te były również widoczne w historycznej prowincji Crişana, z miastem Oradea jako jej centrum. W nowym kontekście uzasadniony nacisk położono na projekt kulturotwórczy społeczeństwa rumuńskiego, o co zaapelowano do głównych instytucji państwowych oraz licznych stowarzyszeń i zjednoczeń kulturalnych utworzonych po 1918 r. Tym samym program rozwoju kulturalnego i gospodarczego miał być realizowany w jak najszerszej skali społecznej. W ogólnym rozrachunku edukacja szkolna i organizowane imprezy kulturalne zaowocowały wieloma pozytywnymi wynikami w społeczeństwie Oradei. Znacznie zmniejszył się odsetek analfabetów, zwłaszcza na wsi. Utworzenie sieci szkół w powiecie Bihor oraz intensywna działalność konferencyjna wspierana przez specjalistów pozwoliły nie tylko na społeczno-kulturalną aktywizację chłopów, ale także na zrozumienie niektórych zjawisk społeczno-gospodarczych i kulturowych zachodzących z nadspodziewaną szybkością w społeczeństwie międzywojennym.

EN

Cultural and social life clearly contributes to accentuate the self-awareness within a community that, through the act of culture, asserts itself in the field of international relations. At the same time, culture represents a sensitive barometer for socio-economic and political life, through which a series of vital factors can be identified in the process of recovery and development of nations. In the interwar period, Romanian society faced a complex situation, generated by the extensive socio-political, economic and cultural changes that occurred after the end of the Great War. The promotion of the interests of the Romanian national state and of mass culture at the level of the entire country was pursued with consistency, this reality also manifesting itself in the historical province of Crişana, with the city of Oradea as its center. In the new context, a justified emphasis was placed on the culturalization project of Romanian society, for which an appeal was made to the main state institutions and the numerous cultural associations and reunions organized after 1918. Thus, the cultural and economic development program was intended to be implemented on a social scale as wide as possible. In a general view, the schools and organized cultural events led to a series of positive results, accepted as such by the society of Oradea. First of all, the percentage of illiteracy, at alarming levels at the beginning of 1920, was significantly reduced, especially in the countryside. The network of schools in Bihor County, together with intensive conference activity, supported by specialists, allowed not only the enablement of the peasantry in socio-cultural life, but also the understanding of some socio-economic and cultural phenomena that took place with an overflowing rapidity in the interwar society.