Thanks to the progres in science the man of the beginnings of the third millenium uses the technologies which have been reserved for the highest entities. The development of physics has resulted in discovering many mysteries of nuclear physics and the development of biology and genetics has enriched man’s knowledge of the origins of living organisms and their regeneration. As a result, mankind has been introduced in the fascinating world of stem cells.
Rapid progress in molecular biology, genetics, and mammalian biotechnology has revolutionized diagnostic, therapeutic and reproductive cloning in mammals. Recently, several human gene products have been able to be pharmaceutically explored in transgenic organisms and employed for medical applications. When organs or tissues are irreparably damaged, they may be also replaced with an artificial device or donor organ. Promising and also controversial application for therapeutic and regenerative medicine is stem cells engineering.
Stem cell biology is currently developing rapidly because of the potential therapeutic utility of stem cells. The ability to acquire any desired phenotype raises hope for regenerative therapies. Manipulation of these cells is a potentially valuable tool; however, the mechanisms of stem cell differentiation and plasticity are currently beyond our control. In the field of nephrology, the presence of adult kidney stem cells has been debated. Renal adult stem cells may be descendants of some early kidney progenitors or may be derived from bone marrow. Evidence of a hematopoietic stem-cell contribution to renal repair encourages the possibility of bone marrow or stem cell transplantation as a means of treating autoimmune glomerulopathies. The transplantation of fetal kidney tissue containing renal progenitors which then develop into functional nephrons is a step towards renal regeneration. According to recent reports, the development of functional nephrons from human mesenchymal stem cells in rodent whole-embryo culture is possible. Establishing in vitro self organs from autologous stem cells would be a promising therapeutic solution in light of the shortage of allogenic organs and the unresolved problem of chronic allograft rejection.
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