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Recreational and Sports Activity of Prison System Employees in Poland in the Interwar Period

100%

Urban R.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie Kultura Fizyczna

2016

tom 15

nr 4

51-68

Celem artykułu jest omówienie uwarunkowań rozwoju i prezentacja osiągnięć w zakresie działalności rekreacyjnej i sportowej pracowników więziennictwa polskiego w okresie międzywojennym. Odzyskanie przez Polskę niepodległości w 1918 r. zmobilizowało reprezentantów wielu grup zawodowych (policjantów, wojskowych, personel więzienny) do podjęcia inicjatywy utworzenia zrzeszeń branżowych. Ich głównym zadaniem była wszechstronna pomoc, opieka lekarska oraz troska o zachowanie zdrowia poprzez organizowanie działalności w zakresie rekreacji i sportu. Przedstawiciele więziennictwa już w styczniu 1919 r. powołali Związek Dozorców i Pracowników Więziennych, przemianowany wkrótce na Związek Pracowników Więziennych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Dostrzegając znaczenie aktywności fizycznej dla prawidłowego rozwoju organizmu oraz konieczność regeneracji sił po wyczerpującej pracy, Związek wystąpił z projektem budowy domów uzdrowiskowych, tworzenia stanic wodnych, powołania klubów sportowych oraz organizowania rywalizacji sportowej. Początkowo działalność w tym zakresie rozwijała się powoli, ale z czasem objęła coraz więcej oddziałów Związku, działających w zakładach karnych na terenie całego kraju. Do końca lat 30. XX w. stan infrastruktury uzdrowiskowej, rekreacyjnej i sportowej osiągnął zadowalający poziom, a zasady współzawodnictwa sportowego zostały ustalone.

The aim of the article is to discuss conditions for the development and a presentation of achievements in the field of recreational and sports activity of Prison Officers Poland in the interwar period. When Poland regained independence in 1918, it mobilized many representatives of professional groups (the police, the military, the prison staff) to take the initiative of creating trade associations. Their main task was comprehensive help, medical care and concern for the preservation of health by organizing activities in the field of recreation and sports. In January 1919, representatives of the penitentiaries established the Prison Guards and Officers Association renamed soon the Prison Officers Association of the Republic of Poland. Recognizing the importance of physical activity for the proper development of the organism and the need to recover after exhausting work, the Association came up with a project of building health and medical resorts and creating boathouses, as well as establishing sports clubs and organizing sports competition. Initially, the activities in this field developed slowly but gradually the action involved more and more branches of the Association in prisons throughout the country. By the end of the 30s of the twentieth century, the state of health spa infrastructure, recreation and sports had reached a satisfactory level and the rules of sporting competition had been established.

Watchmen or Guards? The Prison Guard in the Second Polish Republic

100%

Rodak M.

Acta Poloniae Historica

2018

tom 118

The officer core of the Prison Guard (Straż Więzienna, SW), a formation established only as late as 1932, emerged from the narrow circle of persons associated with the Prison Section, which emerged in 1918. Its membership consisted of a small cadre of Polish guards who had gained experience in prisons controlled by the occupying powers. Unless they had worked in prisons before 1918, the rank-andfile of the SW consisted of demobilised and/or retired soldiers as well as of would-be or ex-policemen. ‘Street people’ in many cases, they treated the work as temporary or took it up as an easy job. The reality they faced on the other side of the wall quickly verified their convictions about the task they had accepted. As a result, the ranks of the SW were given to heavy rotation, evident up to 1939. Employees of the interwar prison system did not enjoy much public regard; for some, leaving the army to become a prison guard felt like social degradation. Aside from a few minor exceptions – such as prison breaks, stories of convict abuse – this peculiar group of workers was generally absent from the public narrative of the re-established state. Naturally, its problems were debated among experts, but these debates did not seep into the press as often as those concerning the police. For many years after 1918, the SW continued to be perceived through the nineteenthcentury image of the guard as watchman, a personification of the oppressive partition governments. SW functionaries associated with the labour union established in 1932 as well as the Przegląd Więziennictwa Polskiego (Polish Penal Review) magazine took up the daunting task of improving that image.The article provides an analysis of their efforts, attempting a response whether their goals were achieved, at least to a degree. My focus is on the public perception of the formation, while I also try to establish whether its foundation and development was perceived as a success (as was the case, for instance, with the police). My interests, however, are not limited to the media and public image of the SW corps, but also include the conditions under which its members laboured. In this context, I am particularly interested in the realities of the prison corridor; in the article, I attempt to describe the tenor of the relations between guards and prisoners in contemporary prisons (especially the prevailing aggression). Finally, I pursue a reconstruction of the image/s of the SW created by convicts, with particular focus on the significance of the change associated with the year 1918.My analysis leads to somewhat pessimistic conclusions. The major changes involved in the professionalization of the cadres and partial implementation of the prison reform that also affected the SW do not appear to have been satisfactory. Attempts to dismantle stereotypes of the guards could only achieve limited success, and the SW remained a formation of thoroughly dubious quality.