Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Historiografia polska przełomu XX/XXI stulecia wobec Zagłady Żydów oraz stosunków polsko-żydowskich. Zarys problematyki

100%

Rączy E.

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2017

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tom Białostockie Teki Historyczne, 2017, tom 15

EN

This article is devoted to Polish historiography of the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries concerning the Extermination of Jews and Polish-Jewish relations. It presents the works of both Polish historians and representatives of other scientific disciplines published in Poland and abroad and the Polish translations of foreign scientists’ works. Nevertheless, the article is mainly focused on the output of Polish historians because their contribution thereto is the greatest. Since the end of the 20th century, many works devoted to the Extermination of Jews to a greater or lesser extent have been published. These include both works giving the general outlook of the preparatory measures and mechanism of extermination of the Jewish population during the II World War and regional studies concerning the extermination of Jewish population in individual regions or localities in Poland under German occupation. The biographies of persons who affected the lives of thousands of people (not only the perpetrators of crimes but also the employees of Jewish administration) have been published, too. The latter has given rise to a discussion among historians as to the attitude of Jewish leaders towards their fellow-citizens and the invader’s authorities. These publications also depict issues related to various activities undertaken by the Jewish authorities (both civil administration and ghetto police), which have been discussed by Polish historians. One of the continuous concerns of Polish historians is the issue that has been studied since the end of the German occupation (penal liability of the perpetrators of crimes, the functioning of ghettos, extermination camps, labour camps and concentration camps, and the lot of Jews who were kept and murdered there). Only recently the issues pertaining to the Jewish resistance movement and the economic factors determining the Extermination of Jews in Poland under German occupation have become the subject matter of discussions and verifications. Since the end of the 20th century, Polish historiography has been much more focused on Polish-Jewish relations during the German occupation. However, studies and articles concerning this issue certainly do not exhaust the subject. Polish historiography is still searching for answers to questions concerning diversified attitudes of the Polish society towards Jewish population during the Holocaust and factors that determined these attitudes. The review of various research concerning the Extermination of Jews and Polish-Jewish relations at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries accomplished by Polish historians, which is presented in this article, shows that many new documents, memoirs and reports became then the subject matter of scientific examination and analysis, and matters that had long been ignored or consistently not mentioned for different reasons started to be discussed.

2

Impact of the elections to the Russian State Duma in 1912 on the Polish-Jewish relations in the Kingdom of Poland

100%

Zieliński K.

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nr 1

EN

The period between the 1905 Revolution and the outbreak of World War I was the time of deepening controversies between the interests of the Great Powers, the formation of the political and military alliances, and the preparations for a military conflict. In the Kingdom of Poland, the territory of which – as many expected – was to become one of the main battlegrounds in the upcoming war, the growing tension in the international relations was clearly felt. This tension influenced the internal situation, in which such events as the elections to the State Duma (the Russian Parliament), the issue of self-government or the emergence of the new Chełm gubernya (Province) electrified the population. The presence of a fairly large number of Jews, and the Jewish issue raised by some political forces were the other factors shaping up the social and political relations in the Kingdom; the factors, which - a few years before the war - gained the unprecedented momentum. Although the worsening of the Polish-Jewish relations could have been observed earlier, the elections to the State Duma in 1912, in which – due to the Jewish votes – the candidate of the National Democracy (the so-called endeks), Roman Dmowski lost his battle for a seat in the Parliament, became a turning point in the history of the Polish Jews.

PL

Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

3

Polish refugees in Palestine during the Arab-Jewish Civil War (November 1947-May 1948)

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Patek A. , Sosenko A.

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2021

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tom 107

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nr 1

9-41

EN

In the years 1940–1948 Palestine was an important centre of the Polish “independence” emigration. In 1945 approximately seven thousand war refugees were staying there. When, towards the end of 1947, a civil war broke out in Palestine, the Poles’ situation became more complicated. There were suspicions that they were involved in the Arab-Jewish conflict and supported one side or the other. This article is an attempt to present how these events unfolded and to identify their roots. The author discusses the following factors: (1) the character of the settlement patterns of the Polish community, which concentrated both in Jewish (Tel-Aviv) and Arab (East Jerusalem, Jaffa) centres; (2) the atmosphere of suspicion, characteristic of every war; (3) the agitation carried out by agents of the Warsaw government, which claimed that the Polish expatriate community was ‘fascist’; (4) the presence of criminal elements among the émigrés. The analysis is based on archival materials from the collections of the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London, the Polish Library POSK in London, and the Archive of the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw. The author also used newspapers published in Palestine and in centres of Polish emigration.

4

March in February? The study of Poles’ attitudes toward Jews and the Holocaust history in the context of the Holocaust law debate in Poland

86%

Bilewicz M. , Bulska D. , Babińska M. , Haska A. , Winiewski M.

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nr 2

5

Hebrew and Polish: Mutual Influences and Their Contribution in Creating a Polish Criminals’ Jargon

86%

Adamczyk A.

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tom 2 (47)

424–435

EN

In this paper, I wish to present the complexity of Jewish-Polish relations from the 19th century until the interwar period, with emphasis on sociolinguistic issues. I will illustrate the circumstances of the contact between the Polish and Hebrew languages. Poles and Jews, who lived side by side, developed successful relationships, but mainly in the criminal underworld. That was reflected in a sociolect – a dialect of criminals that constituted a mixture of Polish, Yiddish, Russian, and several other languages, including quite a few Hebrew words, which with time adopted new meanings. Moreover, I will provide some examples of Hebrew words used in Polish criminal jargon, as well as those which have been coined in every-day Polish. Then I will refer to some Hebrew words that are not connected with a world of crime and are still in use in spoken Polish.

6

Zalety i słabości myślenia contra. Rec.: Tomasz Żukowski, Pod presją. Co mówią o Zagładzie ci, którym odbieramy głos. Warszawa 2021

86%

Buryła S.

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nr 4

203-211

PL

Autor recenzji omawia monografię Tomasza Żukowskiego zatytułowaną „Pod presją. Co mówią o Zagładzie ci, którym odbieramy głos”; ukazuje zalety i słabości myślenia wbrew przyjętym sądom na temat relacji polsko-żydowskich w czasie drugiej wojny światowej.

EN

The author reviews Tomasz Żukowski’s monograph “Pod presją. Co mówią o Zagładzie ci, którym odbieramy głos” („Under the Pressure. What Do Those We Silence Say about the Holocaust?”): reveals the advantages and weaknesses of thinking against the accepted convictions about the Polish-Jewish relations during the World War II.

7

Kustosz niełatwej pamięci. Na marginesie publikacji zapisków Zygmunta Klukowskiego

72%

Wierzbicki M.

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nr 3

PL

Artykuł jest poświęcony analizie treści i formy kolejnego wydania dzienników i pamiętników Zygmunta Klukowskiego. Zaprezentowano w nim zarówno sylwetkę ich Autora, jak i uwagi na temat wiarygodności informacji zamieszczonych w zapiskach Klukowskiego, w kwestii np. osiągnięć i porażek II Rzeczypospolitej, stosunków polsko-żydowskich w czasie II wojny światowej, Holokaustu oraz bandytyzmu w szeregach polskiego podziemia niepodległościowego po zakończeniu wojny.

EN

The article is an analysis of the content and form of the edition of Zygmunt Klukowski’s diaries and memoirs. It presents both their author’s personage and comments on the credibility of the information contained in his notes, regarding, for example, the achievements and failures of the Second Polish Republic, Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War, the Holocaust and banditry within the Polish independence underground after the war.

8

Problem tożsamości i poczucia lojalności Żydów pochodzących z zaboru pruskiego na przykładzie Alfreda Cohna (1901–1961)

72%

Alabrudzińska E.

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nr 3

101-122

EN

So far a very simplified picture of the transformation of the identity of Jews of West Prussia and Poznan land have functioned in the literature on the subject. The impulse to conduct the research on this issue became the publishing of the memories of Alfred Cohn, a typical German Jew, whose life and dramatic decisions show the complexity of the problem of identity and the sense of loyalty of the Jewish population of the territory of the Prussian partition. Alfred Cohn was close to recognizing himself as a German of the Jewish denomination. In 1920, without a shade of doubt, he decided to maintain loyalty to the German state and leave his family town Bydgoszcz, while in 1945 he decided the opposite. In order to clarify these contradictions, an analysis of the emancipation, acculturation and assimilation processes of the Jewish community of the territories of the Prussian partition of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century was conducted. Subsequently, the results of this analysis were compared with studies on the identity of German Jews living in the Second and Third Reich. At least until the 1880s, the Jews of Greater Poland, and West Prussia considered themselves representatives of a separate nation, despite the already advanced process of assimilating German culture, customs and language, and showing loyalty to the German state. The assimilation reached its greatest intensity at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to a strong integration of Jews with German society and the German state. This aggravated Polish-Jewish antagonism, especially in Greater Poland. After some of the lands of the former Prussian partition came under Polish rule, most Jews remained loyal to the German state, treating it as their homeland, and emigrated in the years 1918–1921 along with the majority of the German population. However, despite such decisions, despite the use of German as their mother tongue, and despite demonstrating German patriotism and the intense desire to blend in with German society, it is necessary to show great caution in the case of attempts to recognize the Jews of the Prussian partition only as a religious minority, although more than once they have defined themselves this way. In the Reich, Jews did not manage to merge with the German environment, either. They created their own Jewish-German cultural system. Their identity can be described as very specific, heterogeneous and shaped by contradictions and dilemmas. In the territories of the Prussian partition, the process of shaping the identity of German Jews was even more complicated as this community had to function also within the Polish society.

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Stosunki polsko-żydowskie na przykładzie powieści Dybuk Marka Świerczka (perspektywa antropologiczna

72%

Dul-Kuźniar M.

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2015

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nr 5(10)

105-125

EN

The paper ‘I used to believe in this country. And now I only feel sick. Polish-Jewish relations on the basis of Marek Świerczek’s novel Dybuk’ aims at discussing the novel Dybuk and contrasting it – in the anthropological perspective – with both its historical and sociological contexts. Świerczek’s novel is set in Poland immediately after the Second World War and it focuses on the problems which afflicted both Poles and Jews. Furthermore, we focus the reader’s attention on the ambiguity with which history was judged after the war – according to Świerczek, it is impossible to judge the postwar reality and interpret the facts connected with this period as ‘the only right ones’. Świerczek creates characters and events on the basis of oppositions: good vs. evil, black vs. white, but he allows a number of characters and their fates to speak out. Nevertheless, the final judgment is left to the reader.

10

W cieniu zagłady i „czarnej ziemi”: Henryk Strasman, ambasador A.J. Biddle a podziemna organizacja palestyńska Irgun Cwai Leumi

72%

Weinbaum L.

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nr 2(9)

106-114

EN

In his new bestseller, Black Earth, Thimoty Snyder spotlights the covert relationship at the end 1930s between the Polish Government and the Irgun Zvai Leumi, the Jewish underground formation in Palestine affiliated with Vladimir Jabotinsky’s New Zionist Organization. One of the most important figures in that affair was the Irgun representative in Poland, Henryk Strasman, a Warsaw assistant public prosecutor who was later murdered by the NKVD in Kharkov in April 1940, together with other Polish officers in Soviet captivity. Ably aided by his wife, Alicja Strasman (née Friedberg), and in close cooperation with the shadowy Abraham Stern, he sought to acquire arms and ammunition and to secure the training of the Irgun cadres by the Polish army. Strasman was also involved in the establishment of a militant Polish- -language bi-weekly (Jerozolima Wyzwolone) and another paper (Di Tat) in Yiddish to popularize the cause of the insurgency in Palestine among the Jewish public in Poland. In December 1938, Strasman briefed the American ambassador to Poland, A.J. Biddle, on his undertakings. Biddle’s report to Secretary of State Cordell Hull about that meeting adds to our knowledge of clandestine Zionist activity in Poland and illuminates Strasman’s tragic and little-known story.

11

Stosunki polsko-żydowskie w czasach Zagłady w dokumentach z archiwów amerykańskich 1939–1943. Przyczynek do badań

72%

Różański P.

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nr 4

65-87

EN

The article aims to describe Polish-Jewish relations during the Holocaust. The text is based on documents from three American archives: the National Archives at College Park, Maryland, The YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York and the Hoover Institution Library and Archives at Stanford University. These are mainly reports by Jewish organisations on the position of the followers of Judaism in Poland under the German occupation. The American archives also contain documents of Polish provenance describing Polish-Jewish relations, including Polish attitudes towards the extermination of Jews by the Germans.

PL

Celem artykułu jest próba opisu stosunków polsko-żydowskich w czasach Zagłady. Podstawę źródłową tekstu stanowią dokumenty z trzech amerykańskich archiwów: National Archives and Records Administration w College Park, YIVO – Institute for Jewish Research w Nowym Jorku oraz Hoover Institution Library and Archives na Uniwersytecie Stanforda. Są to przede wszystkim raporty organizacji żydowskich na temat położenia wyznawców judaizmu w Polsce pod okupacją niemiecką. W amerykańskich archiwach znajdują się również dokumenty polskiej proweniencji, opisujące stosunki polsko-żydowskie, w tym postawy Polaków wobec dokonywanej przez Niemców eksterminacji Żydów.

12

Przez ruiny i zgliszcza. Społeczne i kulturowe zmiany powojennej rzeczywistości widziane oczyma Mordechaja Canina.

72%

Kawa M.

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tom 1

93-103

PL

Artykuł ukazuje powojenną Polskę, widziana oczyma Mordechaja Canina – Żyda urodzonego w Sokołowie Podlaskim, który przyjeżdża po wojnie do kraju, by zobaczyć, jak wygląda „pożydowskie” życie w Polsce. Ogląda powojenną rzeczywistość z perspektywy żydowskiej. Stara się sprawdzić, co zostało po zgładzonych w Holokauście współbraciach. W artykule nie relacjonuje całej opowieści Canina. Ograniczam się do kilku wątków. Pierwszym z nich będzie cisza, związana ze zmianą struktury demograficznej odwiedzanych miasteczek. W drugim wątku odnoszę się do macew jako powojennych przedmiotów „codziennego użytku” i żydowskich kirkutów, w wielu przypadkach rozgrabionych i zniszczonych w czasie II wojny lub po jej zakończeniu. Trzeci wątek jest próbą opisania relacji polsko-żydowskich w odniesieniu do żydowskiego dobytku, który został w domach opuszczonych przez Żydów. Ostatni wątek poświęcony został wizycie Canina w byłych obozach koncentracyjnych i w obozach zagłady. Wszystkie te tematy pokazują, jak zmieniła się rzeczywistość społeczno-kulturowa i religijna w powojennej Polsce, na której ziemiach dokonała się tak straszna tragedia, jaką była Zagłada. W podsumowaniu odnoszę się więc do relacji polsko-żydowskich, na które tragedia Holokaustu także odcisnęła swoje piętno.

EN

Abstract This article attempts to present one of the post-war Poland's face seen by Mordechaj Canin – Jew, born in Sokolow Podlaski, who came to Poland after war to see how the Jewish life looks like in the country. Canin sees the post-war reality from the Jewish perspective. He tries to check what remained after Polish Jews killed during the Holocaust. I do not relate whole Canin's story in my article but I focus on few threads. First one is the silence connected with the change of demographical structure in visited towns. In the second thread I write about Jewish tombstones which can be defined as 'objects of everyday use' in Poland after war. I also mention about Jewish cemeteries. Many of them were devastated during the WWII and after. The third thread attempts to describe the Polish-Jewish relations with reference to Jewish belongings left in their houses. Last thread was focused on Canin's visits to former concentration and death camps. All of those subjects show how the social-cultural and religion reality in post-war Poland, where the tragedy of the Holocaust took place has changed. In summary I refer once again to Polish-Jewish relations marked by the Holocaust.

13

Pamięć i… troska (S.J. Żurek, Odpamiętywanie polsko-żydowskie. Szkice – Studia – Interpretacje, Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II, Lublin 2021)

72%

Wójcik-Dudek M.

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nr 2

1-15

EN

A review article entitled “Memory and… Care” is an in-depth discussion of the book by Sławomir Jacek Żurek Odpamiętywanie polsko-żydowskie. Szkice – Studia – Interpretacje [The Polish-Jewish de-remembering: Essays – Studies – Interpretations] published in 2021 by The Learned Society of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. The said publicaton by the Lublin-based scholar contains a multi-layered reception of the most recent findings in the field of memory studies, which at the same time purports to utilise them in the process of reading particular literary texts dealing with Polish-Jewish relations. Żurek directs his interpretative endeavour among others at: the poetic dialogue between Franciszka Arnsztajnowa and Józef Czechowicz, the ouevre of Arnold Słucki, the particular vision of Poland sustained in texts by Jewish émigré poets, and at the contemporary literary narratives regarding the Shoah, which oftentimes enter into popocultural dialogue with traditional Jewish topoi. The author’s main claim seems to be that more than 30 years of working through memory within the framework of historical, cultural and literary analyses, has not only hepled to restore correct proportions of the Polish Jews’ contribution to the Polish culture, but most of all to verify the stereotypes pertaining to the Jews’ relationships with non-Jews. The publication has been commended by scholars focused on studies of Polish-Jewish relations and the memory of the Holocaust, while the present review article is a critical discussion of theses put forward by Żurek.

PL

Pamięć i… troska to artykuł recenzyjny poświęcony książce Sławomira Jacka Żurka Odpamiętywanie polsko-żydowskie. Szkice – Studia – Interpretacje, która ukazała się w roku 2021 nakładem Towarzystwa Naukowego Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II. Publikacja lubelskiego badacza stanowi wielopłaszczyznowe rozpoznanie najnowszych ustaleń w zakresie memory studies oraz próbę zastosowania narzędzi interpretacyjnych do lektury konkretnych tekstów literackich podejmujących problematykę relacji polsko-żydowskich. W kręgu zainteresowań Żurka pozostają więc m.in.: poetycki dialog między Franciszką Arnsztajnową a Józefem Czechowiczem, twórczość Arnolda Słuckiego, wizja Polski w tekstach żydowskich poetów działających na emigracji czy współczesne narracje literackie o Zagładzie wchodzące często w popkulturowy dialog z tradycyjnymi toposami judajskimi. Autor przekonuje, że od ponad 30 lat praca nad pamięcią w ramach analiz historycznych, kulturoznawczych i literaturoznawczych pomaga nie tylko przywrócić właściwe proporcje wkładowi polskich Żydów w rozwój polskiej kultury, ale przede wszystkim zweryfikować stereotypy dotyczące relacji między Żydami a nie-Żydami. Publikacja została wysoko oceniona przez literaturoznawców skupionych wokół badań nad relacjami polsko-żydowskimi oraz pamięcią o Holokauście, a niniejszy artykuł recenzyjny jest krytycznym omówieniem tez stawianych przez Żurka.

14

Notatki z wygnania. Skibet. Hatikvah (1970/2010) i Return To Poland (1981) Mariana Marzyńskiego

58%

Preizner J.

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nr 10

67-125

PL

Marian Marzyński jest znanym i cenionym twórcą filmów dokumentalnych, w których, bazując w dużej mierze na własnej biografii, opowiada o trudnych polsko-żydowskich relacjach oraz dwudziestowiecznej historii. Charakterystyczny styl reżysera – stała obecność w świecie przedstawionym, autorski komentarz, liczne nawiązania do własnego życiorysu, prowadzona z ręki kamera, wykorzystywanie materiałów z gromadzonego przez dziesięciolecia archiwum – pozwalają mu snuć narrację z perspektywy świadka i uczestnika wielkiej Historii. Istotnym wątkiem w twórczości reżysera jest emigracja. Zmuszony do niej w wyniku wydarzeń określanych wyrażeniem „Marzec ‘68”, jako pierwszy przekuł to doświadczenie na wypowiedzi artystyczne. Jego debiut zagraniczny – zrealizowane dla duńskiej telewizji „Skibet/Hatikvah” (1970/2010) – to pierwszy zapis filmowy sytuacji, w jakiej znaleźli się Polacy żydowskiego pochodzenia, którzy opuścili Polskę w wyniku antysemickiej nagonki. Obraz ludzi pozostających w zawieszeniu, niepewnych przyszłego losu i własnej tożsamości, jest przejmujący, mimo – a może właśnie dzięki niemu – surowości i skromności obrazu. Poświęcony mu tekst Joanny Preizner osadza filmy Marzyńskiego w historycznym, politycznym i obyczajowym kontekście, czyniąc ze wspomnień marcowych emigrantów osobną opowieść, niezbędną do zrozumienia wydarzeń i wypowiedzi pokazanych na ekranie.

EN

Marian Marzyński is a well-known and valued director of documentary films in which, basing mostly on his own biography, he talks about difficult Polish-Jewish relations and 20th-century Eastern European history. The director’s characteristic style – constant presence in the diegesis, author’s commentary, numerous references to his own biography, camera from the hand, using materials from the archive collected for decades - allow him to narrate the narrative from the perspective of a witness and participant in the great History. An important thread in the director’s work is emigration. Forced to leave his homeland as a result of the events called “March ‘68,” he was the first to translate this experience into artistic expression. His debut abroad – made for the Danish television “Skibet / Hatikvah” (1970/2010) – is the first recording of a situation in which Poles of Jewish origin found themselves after leaving Poland as a result of anti-Semitic campaign. The image of lost people, unsure of their future fate and their own identity, is absolutelty impressive, despite – or maybe thanks to – the severity and modesty of the image. The text by Joanna Preizner on that picture sets Marzyński’s films in a historical, political and moral context, making the memories of March ‘68 emigrants a separate story, necessary to understand the events and statements shown on the screen.