The article describes the structure of 940 medical terms (names of diseases) from the “Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology” (Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej) of 1881, that have been recognised as the most accurate, i.e. primary synonyms. From their analysis in the context of synonymic chains in which they occur, it was concluded that the structure of a term recognised as ideal is of no great significance (in the case of 80% of terms) for the establishment of the term as the primary synonym. This is one of the reasons for which primary synonyms often have a structure identical to other terms in its synonymic chain.
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The paper pays attention to the presently omitted period of Polish medical terminology. Examination of a sample of 2 medical vocabulary dictionaries issued in those days (dated 1881 and 1905) indicated a few properties: 1. it poses a system, 2. it is characterized by a variety of single-and-multi word phrases, 3. it did not cope with the synonymy and the polysemy, 4. it is diverse in terms of chronology, genetics and stylistics.
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