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EN
Patenting activity is broadly analysed in the literature at the micro, mezzo, and macroeconomic levels. Yet, not much attention regarding this issue is devoted to European countries in transition. The main aim of the study is a quantitative analysis of all patent applications filed with and grants issued by the Polish Patent Office throughout the period of 19902018 at the aggregate and regional level. We investigate trends and factors determining the patenting activity in Poland - the country at an advanced level of the economic and social transition. The empirical analysis leads to several findings. First of all, we identify changes in the field of patenting related to Poland's accession to the EU in 2004, which resulted in the increase of residents' patenting activity and decrease of that of non-residents (in terms of the number of filed applications and granted patents at a national and regional level). This holds for absolute numbers as well as for a per capita perspective. Additionally, we demonstrate that the increase in R&D expenditure is not followed by a proportional increase in patenting, as the patent-toR&D ratio is systematically shrinking. Finally, the study compares trends in patenting activity in Poland with those in different groups of countries, proving that the dynamic of change in Poland is much slower than could be expected.
PL
W artykule został przedstawiony Urząd Patentowy RP jako organ, który ustawowo jest upoważniony do przyznawania zgłaszającym praw wyłącznych na przedmioty ochrony własności przemysłowej. Autor zaprezentował genezę i warunki, w jakich tworzono podstawy działalności Urzędu, jego organizacji i zadań. W dalszym ciągu omówiono rolę i zadania ekspertów UP, którzy zostali powołani do orzekania w sprawach własności przemysłowej. Jednocześnie zostały przedstawione warunki uzyskiwania kwalifikacji na stanowisko eksperta, ich naboru, szkolenia i uprawnień. Ważnym aspektem zadań Urzędu oprócz postępowania zgłoszeniowego i rejestrowego jest działalność kolegiów orzekających do spraw spornych, które rozstrzygają w sprawach istotnych dla wielu współczesnych przedsiębiorców.
EN
The article presents the Polish Patent Office as an agency, which is licensed, according to the law, to grant the applicants the exclusive rights on the objects of industrial property protection. The author presents the genesis and conditions of creation of the basis of the Office’s activities, organization and tasks. In the article, there are also discussed the role and tasks of the experts of the Polish Patent Office, who are appointed to adjudicate on matters of the industrial property. There are also presented the conditions for obtaining the qualifications for the positions of experts, their recruitment, training, and permissions in this paper. An important aspect of the Office’s tasks, except application and registration procedures, is the activity of the board handling minor offences in the litigious matters, which settle in matters relevant to many of today’s entrepreneurs.
PL
W artykule omówiono sprawę rejestracji kształtu czekoladowego wielkanocnego zająca Lindt, którą rozstrzygał Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, spór o rejestrację wspólnotowego znaku towarowego "TRAVKA", który jest szczególnie interesujący z uwagi na występujący w tej sprawie polski akcent - sprzeciw uprawnionego do znaków towarowych z sylwetką żubra, a także zakończoną niepowodzeniem próbę zarejestrowania w Urzędzie Patentowym nazwy piwa zawierającej słowo "korona". Omówiono też przypadek wygaśnięcia ochrony znaku towarowego z uwagi na jego nieużywanie przez pięć lat na przykładzie znaku "Goplana MICHAŁKI" oraz spór dotyczący naruszenia prawa ochronnego na zarejestrowany znak towarowy "RED BULL".
EN
In the article, there was discussed the case in which the Court of Justice of the European Union dealt with the registration of the Lindt chocolate Easter bunny shape, the dispute over the registration of the Community trademark "TRAVKA", which is particularly interesting due to the Polish accent of the case - the objection of a holder of trademark, depicting the shape of a bison as well as the unsuccessful attempt to register the name of a beer that included the word "korona" (crown) at the Patent Office. Also, the article includes the information on the expiry of the trademark protection of "Goplana MICHAŁKI" due to its lack of use for five years and the dispute concerning infringement of trademark protection rights of the registered trademark "RED BULL".
EN
Purpose: Knowledge management belongs to the most important elements of organisational management, including manufacturing enterprises. Patent information plays an increasingly important role in this area. Identification of the main directions of invention activity may inspire new product and process ideas, and can help to improve existing solutions. The above is particularly important in the energy sector, which is currently struggling with increasing problems. In this context, solar energy is the subject of interest to inventive communities. The paper discusses patent applications related to solar energy, taking up the task of discovering the main tendencies of technological solutions in this area. Design/methodology/approach: In the work, a pilot study of the research aimed to indicate the directions of technological development in the field in Poland was undertaken. Shortened descriptions of selected patent documents from the Polish Patent Office (PPO) were the subject of the investigation. The descriptions were reduced to the form of a vector space model by using text mining tools. The exploration of such prepared data was done applying unsupervised text mining techniques. Hierarchical cluster analysis enabled the identification of groups of similar inventions. An algorithm to detect outliers within individual patent groups was also developed and applied. Findings: Five patent clusters were identified covering the following thematic areas: PV panel designs, PV panel component designs, the improvement of solar-heat conversion device performance, and solar collector designs. Six patent applications stood out thematically in four of the five clusters. Research limitations/implications: The research is limited to a selected number of patent documents form PPO. However, the presented method and research area are promising. It is planned to extend the analyses to a larger set of patent documents and solve the problem related to the language uniformity of patent applications along with merging data from various sources. In this aspect, a full patent description will be consider as well. Originality/value: In relation to solar energy issues, main patent areas and patent outliers that may be indicators of special interests of inventors were identified. In relation to methodology issues, new solutions within consecutive research steps were proposed.
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