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1

Population redistribution in the Polish Carpathians during the 19thand 20thcenturies

100%

Soja M.

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nr 17

127-134

EN

This article presents the spatial disparities of demographic changes in the Polish Carpathians and compares them with the general demographic trends of the area in the 19th and 20th centuries. Small-area census records for towns and villages between 1869 and 1988 were collected by the author. These records provided data which disclosed new demographic phenomena and processes being formed in this region during the time considered. Using these newly discovered trends, a population redistribution model and a population development scenario for the 21st century are presented.

2

Factors controlling 226Ra 228Ra and their activity ratio in groundwater – an application in Polish Carpathian mineral waters

75%

Chau N. D. , Kopeć M. , Nowak J.

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2016

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tom Vol. 42, no. 3

337--351

EN

The influences of aquifer formations and water chemical composition on the occurrence and activity ratio of radium isotopes in groundwater are discussed. Based on the model of desorption/adsorption processes of natural radionuclides in the rock-water system, the concentrations of radium isotopes and their activity ratio in groundwater are evaluated by the numerical Monte Carlo method (MC). In cases where the groundwater is of a similar age, limited flow (up to several meters/year), the physical conditions and the uranium and thorium activity ratios in host water formations are similar, the activity concentrations of radium isotopes (226Ra 228Ra) and their activity ratio (226Ra / 228Ra) are the highest in the water of high desorption coefficient for chloride sodium water domination of Cl -, Na+ ions), medium in water of moderate desorption bicarbonate water – HCO3-, Ca2+) and the lowest in waters with a low desorption coefficient (sulfate ions prevailing – SO4 2-, Ca 2-). The statements are well confirmed in the case of the natural mineral waters from the Polish Outer Carpathians. The total dissolved solids (TDS) of the Polish Carpathians waters varies from several hundred milligrams per liter to several tens of thousands milligrams per liter. The minimum, maximum and average concentrations of (226Ra 228Ra) and their activity ratio (226Ra / 228Ra) are 82, 1340, 456 mBq/L, 19,1240, 354 mBq/L and 0.89, 7.6 and 2.0 for chloride waters; 4, 140, 45.8 mBq/L, 12, 171, 62.7 mBq/L and 0.3, 1.7 and 0.70 for bicarbonate waters and 0.8, 9.3, 3.6 mBq/L, 5.3, 54, 20.1 mBq/L and 0.1, 1.0, 0.3 for sulfate ones, respectively. The desorption coefficients are the highest for the Cl-Na, moderate for the HCO3-Ca and the lowest for the SO3-Ca waters (in contrast to the adsorption properties of these waters).

3

Photogrammetric reconstruction of changes in vertical river position using archival aerial photos: case study of the Czarny Dunajec River, Polish Carpathians

63%

Hajdukiewicz M. , Wyżga B. , Hajdukiewicz H. , Mikuś P.

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tom Vol. 67, no. 4

1205--1221

EN

Rivers of the Polish Carpathians incised deeply during the twentieth century, but detailed information about the timing and amount of incision of their channels exists only for water-gauge cross sections. Applicability of photogrammetric extraction of digital elevation models (DEMs) from archival aerial photos for reconstructing changes in vertical river position was verifed in the study of a 3-km reach of the Czarny Dunajec River. DEMs extracted from a few sets of archival aerial photos from the years 1964–1994 together with recent orthophotos and DEMs were used in the analysis. Measurements taken in river cross sections spaced at 100-m intervals indicated that on average the lowest point of the channel bed lowered between 1964 and 2009 by 1.74±0.17 m, low-fow water surface by 1.57±0.07 m, active river channel by 1.54±0.12 m and the belt of river migration by 1.03±0.15 m. However, the change in vertical river position during the years 1964–2009 varied greatly along the reach, with the elevation of low-fow water surface lowered by up to 3.61±0.07 m in the upper part of the reach and increased by up to 1.34±0.07 m in its lower part. Combining the information about changes in vertical river position and the width of river migration belt yielded data about the change in sediment volume in the reach, with an average annual loss of sediment amounting to 256±37 m3 per 100-m channel segment. The study indicated that DEMs generated from archival aerial photos can be a useful tool in analysing recent vertical channel changes outside water-gauge stations.

4

Osuwiska Karpat

63%

Poprawa D. , Rączkowski W.

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tom Vol. 51, nr 8

685-692

PL

W artykule omówiono zagrożenia wypływające ze środowiska geologicznego Karpat, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem osuwisk. Ponad 95 % osuwisk występujących w Polsce znajduje sie na terenie Karpat. Osuwiska po raz pierwszy w 2002 roku zostały zaliczone do zjawisk powodujących klęski żywiołowe. Prace Rządu RP zaowocowały propozycjami zmian w kilku Ustawach. Mają one polegać na wprowadzeniu uwarunkowań związanych z ruchami masowymi m.in. w planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym.

EN

Hazards resulting from the geological environment of the Carpathians, with particular emphasis on landslides, have been discussed because over 95% of all landslides in Poland occur in the Flysch Carpathians. In 2002, landsliding was officially included in the list of events causing a natural disaster for the first time. Efforts of the Polish government yield to proposals of changes in certain legal acts. Landsliding risk must be considered in spatial planning and management. This is likely the best method of mitigating the related hazards.

5

Reakcja koryta rzeki górskiej na strukturę podłoża na przykładzie Wisłoki i Jasiołki (Beskid Niski)

63%

Guzik G.

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tom Vol. 50, nr 7

609--614

PL

Analizie poddano dwie rzeki górskie na terenie Beskidu Niskiego - Jasiołkę oraz Wisłokę. Skupiono uwagę na skutkach depozycji i erozji korytowej. Dokonano klasyfikacji dużych form akumulacyjnych w żwirodennym korycie. Wyróżniono pięć typów tych form na podstawie pozycji w korycie i kształtu odsypów oraz wielkości ziarna budujących je osadów. Ponadto stwierdzono trzy typy odcinków koryta rzeki górskiej: z dominującą erozją, z dominującą akumulacją oraz z zachodzącą erozją i akumulacją. Odcinki te różnią się między sobą krętością i spadkami koryta, jak również rodzajem występujących tam typów odsypów. Występują one po sobie w określonym następstwie, tworząc powtarzalne sukcesje wzdłuż biegu rzek. Położenie tych sukcesji uzależnione jest od rozkładu przełomów oraz kotlinowatych obniżeń. Wykazano, że styl sedymentacji fluwialnej zmienia się cyklicznie z biegiem rzeki i pozostaje w bezpośredniej zależności od budowy geologicznej i rzeźby podłoża. Taka regularna zmienność cech morfologii fluwialnej (spadku i krętości koryta) oraz procesów dynamicznych (erozji i depozycji) nie była dotychczas stwierdzona w żadnej dolinie górskiej.

EN

Depositional and erosional effects of two mountain rivers -the Wisłoka and the Jasiolka (the Polish Carpathians) - have been studied. A classification of large depositional forms of gravel-bed river is presented: five bar types were distinguished on the basis of their position within the channel, their planform and grain size of deposits. Furthermore, three types of mountain river reaches were recognized: predominated by erosion, predominated by accumulation, and with equally balanced erosion and accumulation. These reaches are dissimilar in sinuosity and slope of channel, as well as in quantity and type of bars recognised herein. The reaches occur one after another in specified sequence along the valleys. Their location is dependent on the pattern of gorges and dales. It was proved that the fluvial sedimentation style changes in cyclic manner along the valleys and is strictly related to structure and relief of substratum. This regular variation of fluvial morphology (slope and sinuosity of alluvial channel) and dynamic processes (erosion and deposition) have been not reported in literature till now.