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1

История Окраин Республики Польши в XX веке. Информационное сообщение о деятельности большевицко-украинских факторов на территории Польши и Совдепии

100%

ROGUSKI R.

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nr 6

229-238

EN

Presented text concerns actions of the security services of Soviet Ukraine against Poland during the election to the polish Parliament in 1922. It shows the actions of sabotage groups, spies and political bodies of Soviet Ukraine. The article discusses state of safety polish – soviet borderland on the section of Eastern Malopolska not yet joined to Poland. It shows some methods of intelligence work and the organization of sabotage activities in Poland.

2

Cechy i funkcje nadawcy dziewiętnastowiecznych inskrypcji nagrobnych na katolickich cmentarzach Podola

75%

Havryliuk O.

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nr 22

165-178

EN

The article presents 19th‑century tombstone inscriptions from Catholic cemeteries in Podolia. An important part of the inscription is the marking of the founder and their relationship to the deceased. The article analyzes tombstone inscriptions from the historic Catholic cemeteries of Podolia that were made in the 19th and early 20th century. The presented inscriptions were saved and photographed by the author of the article during research internships, the “Save my great‑grandfather save from oblivion” (“Mogiłę pradziada ocal od zapomnienia”) program, as well as planned trips to document the tombstones and publish the findings.

3

Kocioł z Podola

75%

Węgrzynowicz T.

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nr 55

31-46

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw includes a large metal vessel (Fig. 1, 4, 5). Its exact findspot is unknown and only the general location in Podolia (western Ukraine) is known. The vessel was published by W. Antoniewicz (1945; 1958) and mentioned subsequently by Soviet authors (A. I. Terenožkin 1962; V. S. Bočkar’ov 1972). It belongs among vessels referred to as cauldrons, which are known mainly from Ukraine. The cauldrons are most frequently described as being made of bronze, although no analyses of metal composition have been made for them. Studies made at State Archaeological Museum have shown that the specimen in question was forged from sheet copper (List 1, fig. 3). The vessel has a hollow foot, profiled body and splayed neck. It is fitted with two vertical handles made of rods which were incised and beaten flat at both ends before being riveted to the vessel neck (Fig. 9a,b, 10). The ratio of the height of the cauldron to its rim is 71.4 cm, its weight – 14 kg. The vessel was manufactured of five sheets of sheet copper 1–2 mm in thickness, near the rim ca. 7 mm. The foot and the body were attached to each other and the bottom fixed to them in a striking manner (Fig. 6). Upper segments of the vessel are joined with horizontal rows of rivets. Given the lack of vertical riveting or traces of hammering of sheet edges (not revealed even by the X-ray analysis) we may assume that individual segments were fashioned in one piece and given their final shape on a special stand. The cauldron from Podolia is the most elaborately and uniquely ornamented vessel of its category known to date. The ornament is without exception concave (engraved and punched). It covers the foot and the neck. On the foot it occurs both on the outside (Fig. 11) and the inside (Fig. 12). On the outer surface in the upper section of the foot X-ray photography revealed yet another band of ornament based on geometric designs. The neck is ornamented on its entire surface starting from a wavy cutting out section of the lower edge of the sheet (Fig. 8). It is covered by five horizontal bands 25 do 32 mm wide bounded by horizontal lines and rows of points. The bands are filled with decorative designs varying in the degree of complexity (Fig. 4, 13). The ornament was produced with the help of at least four tools, each with a differently shaped blade. The cauldron is in a relatively good condition. The handles are only slightly collapsed inwards and the vessel wall near both the handle attachments is also sunken in (Fig. 10); the foot and the body suffered only slight deformation and there are small dents and cracks in the copper sheet. Some of these injuries probably developed after the cauldron either fell over or dropped from a height; as a result of the resulting deformation most of the rivets joining the neck to the body fell out; of eight rivets which survive today four are iron with copper lined heads – evidence of contemporary repairs made to the vessel. Of cauldrons known to date the vessel from Podolia is the largest, twice as high as other specimens of its kind. In its form it has analogies in several other strongly profiled vessels with a hollow foot (Fig. 2). Another variant is bucket-like cauldrons lacking a distinct foot (Fig. 14) having vertically riveted walls or walls hammered of half-sheets. Cauldrons of both variants may be plain or ornamented only very modestly, most frequently with araised ornament executed from the inside the vessel. In Soviet literature all forged cauldrons, irrespective of their form and ornamentation, are ascribed to the Srubnaya culture. A mound of this culture is known with certainty to have produced a bucket-like cauldron. On the basis of inventory accompanying it has been dated to the 14–13th c.BC (A. L. Nečitajlo 1975), possibly, to the 15–14th c. (A. I. Terenožkin 1982). It seems that the Srubnaya culture origin and so early a chronology may fit bucket-like vessels but not the much more technologically sophisticated strongly profiled forms with a hollow foot. Their dating may be defined on the basis of ornamentation of the Podolia specimen discussed here. It finds analogies in ornamentation of pottery and metal objects of Chornii-Lis culture (Fig. 15a–d,f), especially those originating from its younger phase, dated to 900–725 BC, as well as in the ornamentation of Scythian vessels (Fig.15e, g, h). These links suggest that the cauldron from Podolia should be dated to the 8–6th c. and it seems that a similar chronology may be ascribed to cauldrons of the same type from Antoniny in Volhynia, Tarashcha and Kuybyshev/Samara (cf.. V. S. Bočkar’ov 1972). However, evidence is insufficient to apply the same chronology to bucket-like vessels. The cauldron from Podolia presumably served religious purposes – this interpretation of the function of Scythian cauldrons bases on a reference in Herodotus (V. P. Levašova, È. R. Rygdylon 1952). Its circular handles were adjusted to suspending from a pole; the inward collapse of the handles and denting of the neck probably were caused by overloading of the suspended cauldron. The supposition that the cauldron used to be suspended is supported by the fact it features an ornament on the internal wall of its hollow foot, an ornament, which would not have been visible unless the vessel was suspended. It is also worth noting that originally the cauldron was fully watertight and was probably used for storing liquids or food.

4

Posługa duszpasterska Ojców Bernardynów w Jarmolińcach na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku

63%

Zharuk O.

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nr 4

235-256

EN

This article entitled “Pastoral service of Bernardine Fathers in Yarmolyntsi” covers the years 1761–1832. Paweł Starżyński, the owner of the city of Yarmolyntsi, in 1761 invited Franciscan Observants – Bernardine to the pastoral ministry. It was also this year that the monastery parish was founded. In the church under the invocation of St. John of Nepomuk and St. Anthony of Padua brothers performed sacramental service and spiritual care of the local people. In addition to pastoral and preaching work it is worth mentioning the existence of a parish school. It was not only a place for lay education, but also a place of catechization of children. Additionally, the brotherhood of St. Anna was active in the parish and dealt with spiritual care of adults. After 70 years of Bernardine’s work in Yarmolyntsi, on August 20, 1832, according to the Supreme Order of the Head of the Podolia Province no 23992 to the Kamianets Spiritual Consistory, the tsarist authorities liquidated the monastery and the monks had to leave the place of their work. Monastery of Bernardine Fathers was taken over for the needs of the tsarist authorities, and the church was transferred into the hands of the Orthodox Church.

5

First colour-patterned strophomenide brachiopod from the earliest Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

63%

Balinski A.

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2010

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tom 55

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nr 4

EN

Retained colour pattern on the shells of Plectodonta sp. from the earliest Devonian of Podolia (Ukraine) is the first finding for strophomenide brachiopods and the oldest among articulate brachiopods. The colour pattern in Plectodonta sp. is composed of small, round, brownish spots scattered rather irregularly on the ventral valve only. This may suggest that the described pattern probably performed a protective function through disruptive camouflage against visual systems of potential predators. The occurrence of the colour pattern in Plectodonta sp. exclusively on the ventral valve strongly suggests that these brachiopods lived with the patterned (and convex) ventral valve upwards and the patternless concave dorsal valve facing to the underlying substrate. It thus contradicts a general assumption that concavo−convex brachiopods lived with their convex valves resting on the sediment.

6

Szkolnictwo polskie a Kościół rzymskokatolicki na Podolu w okresie międzywojennym

63%

Rosowski W.

Studia Polonijne

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2010

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tom 31

171-194

EN

Polish education in the territory of Podolia before the First World War was virtually absent. Only the changes that followed 1914 in Russia had made the development of Polish education possible. The clergy and the Roman Catholic Church played a considerable role here. The first school with Polish as the i=main language in Podolia government was established in 1916 at a parish in Płoskirów. In the years of 1917-1920, the Polish School Motherland took care about Polish education in Podolia. With a fairly short period a number of Polish schools in this region had risen to over 500, with circa 35.000 children and adolescents. After the Bolsheviks had finally occupied Podolia, the decisive majority of those schools ceased to exist or became clandestine. By virtue of the decree On separation of the Church and State of 1918 the Soviet authorities first set about eliminating religious instruction from schools and getting rid of all illegal Polish educational institutions, often those that functioned at Catholic parishes. During the first years of the Bolshevik rule the network of Polish schools in Podolia decreased from year to year. It was as late as after 1924 that the number of Polish educational posts increased in the Soviet Union, including mainly in Podolia. In 1934, in the Winnicki region, which embraced among other things the former territory of the Podolia government, Polish schools numbered as many as 285 with over 23.000 students. The State changed its politics towards Poles in the Soviet Union in mid-1930, a process that ultimately had eliminated the decisive majority of Polish educational institutions, and brought about repression and persecution of the Polish population. This action converged with the final crushing of the Roman Catholic Church in those territories. Thereby the communist authorities had destroyed almost everything that made Poles beyond the Zbrucz different.

PL

Szkolnictwo polskie na terytorium Podola przed I wojną światową praktycznie nie istniało. Dopiero zmiany, jakie nastąpiły po 1914 roku w Rosji, umożliwiły rozwój oświaty polskiej. Znaczną rolę w tym odegrało duchowieństwo i Kościół rzymskokatolicki. Pierwsza szkoła z polskim językiem nauczania w guberni podolskiej powstała na początku 1916 roku przy parafii w Płoskirowie. W latach 1917-1920 opiekę nad oświatą polską na Podolu przejęła Polska Macierz Szkolna. W dość krótkim czasie sieć szkół polskich w tym regionie wzrosła do ponad 500, obejmując swym zasięgiem około 35 tysięcy dzieci i młodzieży. Po ostatecznym zajęciu Podola przez bolszewików zdecydowana większość tych szkół przestała istnieć lub działała w ukryciu. Władze radzieckie w oparciu o dekret O oddzieleniu Kościoła od państwa i szkoły od Kościoła z 1918 roku w pierwszej kolejności zabrały się do wyeliminowania nauczania religii w szkołach oraz likwidacji wszystkich nielegalnych polskich instytucji oświatowych, często funkcjonujących przy parafiach katolickich. Przez pierwsze lata panowania bolszewików sieć polskich szkół na Podolu malała z roku na rok. Dopiero po 1924 roku nastąpił wzrost liczby polskich placówek oświatowych w USRR, w tym przede wszystkim na Podolu. W 1934 roku w obwodzie winnickim, który obejmował m.in. dawne terytorium guberni podolskiej, liczono już 285 szkół polskich z ponad 23 tysiącami uczniów. Zmiana polityki państwa względem Polaków w Związku Radzieckim w połowie lat trzydziestych doprowadziła w końcu do likwidacji zdecydowanej większości polskich instytucji oświatowych oraz do represji i prześladowań miejscowej ludności polskiej. Akcja ta zbiegła się w czasie również z ostatecznym rozprawieniem się państwa sowieckiego z Kościołem rzymskokatolickim na tych ziemiach. Tym samym władze komunistyczne zniszczyły wszystko, co wyodrębniało Polaków za Zbruczem.

7

Biblioteki w protokołach wizytacyjnych klasztorów dominikańskich diecezji kamienieckiej z 1824 roku

63%

Miławicki M.

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tom 11

124-143

EN

Eleven monasteries of the Dominican Brothers and one of the Dominican Sisters existed in the area of the Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi in the first half of the 19th century. Thanks to the visitations preserved from that period, we can find out about the personal makeup, emolument of the monastery, and its book collections. The latter are the subject of this article. Their analysis is based on the visitation protocols from 1824. Documents that allow for a detailed analysis and comparison of all monasteries as far as their book collections are concerned are preserved in the National Archive of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast. The source is even more important as it is the last one pertinent to all monasteries before their dissolution in 1832 (only the Dominican Sisters in Kamyanets-Podilskyi were dissolved in 1864). Based on these visitations, we managed to learn about the size of the book collections, their thematic scope, age, as well as the languages in which the books were written. The analysis led to the conclusion that Dominican libraries in Podolia were rather small. The biggest ones were in Kamyanets-Podilskyi and Letychiv, the rest of libraries fell far behind them. In the remaining libraries, homiletical and ascetic literature dominated, evidently corresponding to the preaching work of the monks. The only convent that belonged to the Order of St. Dominic also did not possess an exceptional collection. However, the negligent catalogue did not allow for a deeper analysis.

8

Wzrost i stagnacja gospodarki chłopskiej. Przypadek starostwa chmielnickiego w XVIII w.

51%

Włodarski A.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2019

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tom 80

PL

Nowożytne starostwo chmielnickie funkcjonowało w ramach gospodarki chłopskiej. W obrębie tej struktury od XVI do XVIII w. doświadczyło dwóch fluktuacji. Pierwszą z nich, trwającą od XVI do przełomu XVII i XVIII w., określono mianem „koniunktury tatarskiej”, ponieważ przede wszystkim za sprawą najazdów ordy wcześniejszy gwałtowny wzrost gospodarczy przerodził się w jeszcze głębszy kryzys. Drugą fluktuację, trwającą od początku XVIII do połowy XIX w., nazwano „koniunkturą maltuzjańską”, ponieważ tym razem żywiołowy wzrost gospodarczy ustąpił miejsca długotrwałej stagnacji, czego przyczyną było działanie prawa zmniejszających się przychodów.

EN

The early modern Khmilnyk (Chmielnik, Хмі́льник) Starosty was based on peasant economy. In the period between the sixteenth and the eighteenth century, the structure experienced two fluctuations. The earlier, taking place from the sixteenth century until the turn of the eighteenth century, was referred to as the “Tatar conjuncture,” due to the impact of the attacks of the Orda which converted the previous sudden economic growth into an exceptionally deep crisis. The second fluctuation, which occurred from the early eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, came to be known as the “Malthusian conjuncture,” with dynamic economic development giving way to long-lasting stagnation resulting from the law of diminishing returns.

9

New ischnacanthiform jaw bones from the lower Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

51%

Voichyshyn V. , Szaniawski H.

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nr 2

EN

Investigation of fish fauna assemblages obtained by dissolution of calcareous rock samples from Early Devonian marine deposits of Podolia revealed new material of ischnacanthiform jaw bones. One family Podoliacanthidae fam. nov. and two new genera and species, Drygantacanthus semirotunda gen. et sp. nov. and Kasperacanthus serratus gen. et sp. nov., are established. The new family is based on one main key feature, the presence of denticle groups of Podoliacanthus type situated on the lingual tooth row. The family comprises three genera, Podoliacanthus, Drygantacanthus gen. nov., and Kasperacanthus gen. nov., as well as one new form undetermined to generic level. Another new form described in open nomenclature displays the remains of the most powerful known jaws among Podolian ischnacanthids known to now. The new forms have diverse main teeth morphology, which probably reflect differentiated hunting methods.

10

Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (delta13C, delta18O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

51%

Racki G. , Balinski A. , Wrona R. , Malkowski K. , Drygant D. , Szaniawski H.

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nr 4

EN

Two global isotopic events, the early Sheinwoodian (early Wenlock) and that at the Silurian–Devonian transition, have been comprehensively studied in representative carbonate successions at Kytayhorod and Dnistrove, respectively, in Podolia, Ukraine, to compare geochemistry and biotic changes related correspondingly to the Ireviken and Klonk events. These two large−scale isotope excursions reveal different regional ecosystem tendencies. The well−defined increasing trend across the Llandovery–Wenlock boundary in siliciclastic input, redox states and, supposedly, bioproductivity, was without strict correlative relations to the major ¹³C enrichment event. The environmental and biotic evolution was forced by eustatic sea−level fluctuations and two−step climate change toward a glaciation episode, but strongly modified by regional epeirogeny movements due to location near the mobile Teisseyre−Törnquist Fault Zone. Thus, the global early Sheinwoodian biogeochemical perturbation was of minor depositional significance in this epeiric sea, as in many other Laurussian domains. Conversely, the Podolian sedimentary record of the Klonk Event exhibits temporal links to the abrupt δ¹³C anomaly, overprinted by a tectonically driven deepening pulse in the crucial S–D boundary interval. This carbon cycling turnover was reflected in the regional carbonate crisis and cooling episodes, paired with a tendency towards eutrophication and recurrent oxygen deficiency, but also with major storms and possible upwelling. Faunal responses in both Podolian sections follow some characters of the Silurian pattern worldwide, as manifested by conodont changeover prior to the major early Sheinwoodian isotopic/climatic anomaly. This contrasts with the relative brachiopod and chitinozoan resistances in the course of the Ireviken Event. Also, during the Klonk Event, a moderate faunal turnover, both in benthic and pelagic groups, occurred only near the very beginning of the prolonged ¹³C−enriched timespan across the system boundary, possibly due to progressive dysoxia and temperature drop. The characters point to a peculiarity of the Klonk Event by comparison with the Silurian global events, and some similarity already to the succeeding Devonian transgressive/anoxic episodes.

11

Lanckorońscy na Jagielnicy. Z dziejów i genealogii podolskiej linii rodziny Lanckorońskich herbu Zadora w XVI i XVII wieku

51%

Anusik Z.

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tom 22

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nr 2

9-40

EN

The article presented here presents the history of the Podolian Line of the renowned Lanckoroński family, Zadora coat of arms, which in the mid-16th century took into its possession the town of Jagielnica, together with the adjacent estates in Podolia. The first owner of Jagielnica from the Lanckoroński family was Hieronim (d. 1569), starost of Skała, who was the actual ancestor of the Jagielnica branch of this family. The article analyses four generations of the Lanckoroński family from this line. While the history of the life of Hieronim and his sons, grandchildren and great-grandchildren is discussed briefly, most of the text is devoted to the most eminent descendants of the starost of Skała – his sons Stanisław (d. 1592), castellan of Halych and Mikołaj (d. 1597), chamberlain of Podolia, his grandson Stanisław (1585–1617), voivode of Podolia and his great-grandson, also Stanisław (d. 1657), the voivode of Ruthenia and the field hetman of Crown. In this article, the author introduced a number of corrections and additions both to the genealogy of the Lanckoroński family and to the biographies of many representatives of the Jagielnica line. Much attention is devoted to the families from which the Lanckoroński’s wives came. Kinship was established between the particular representatives of this family who and certain important and influential personalities on the political scene of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Keeping in mind the broader background of the history of the Polish-Lithuanian state, the author also discusses a number of previously unknown political, economic and moral issues related to the history of the Lanckoroński family.

PL

W prezentowanym tu artykule przedstawiono dzieje tej linii znanego rodu Lanckorońskich herbu Zadora, która w połowie XVI w. objęła w posiadanie miasto Jagielnicę z przyległymi dobrami na Podolu. Pierwszym właścicielem Jagielnicy z rodu Lanckorońskich był starosta skalski Hieronim (zm. 1569), który był właściwym protoplastą jagielnickiej gałęzi tej rodziny. Przedmiotem zainteresowania autora były cztery pokolenia Lanckorońskich z tej linii. Omówiono tu pokrótce dzieje życia tak samego Hieronima, jak i jego synów, wnuków i prawnuków. Najwięcej miejsca poświęcono najwybitniejszym potomkom starosty skalskiego – synom Stanisławowi (zm. 1592), kasztelanowi halickiemu i Mikołajowi (zm. 1597), podkomorzemu podolskiemu, wnukowi Stanisławowi (1585–1617), wojewodzie podolskiemu oraz prawnukowi, też Stanisławowi (zm. 1657), wojewodzie ruskiemu i hetmanowi polnemu koronnemu. Autor wprowadził szereg korekt i uzupełnień zarówno do genealogii rodziny Lanckorońskich, jak i do biografii wielu reprezentantów linii jagielnickiej. Sporo uwagi poświęcił też rodzinom, z których pochodziły żony Lanckorońskich. Ustalił pokrewieństwa łączące interesujących go przedstawicieli tej rodziny z ważnymi i wpływowymi osobistościami na scenie politycznej Rzeczypospolitej. Omówił również, na szerszym tle dziejów państwa polsko-litewskiego, szereg nieznanych wcześniej zagadnień natury politycznej, gospodarczej i obyczajowej związanych z historią opisywanej tu rodziny.

12

Na duchowych rozdrożach. „Nie-dualistyczne” podejście do zagadnień duchowych w prozie Olgi Tokarczuk

38%

Mikołejko Z.

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tom 20

PL

Autor podejmuje – z perspektywy religioznawczej oraz filozoficznej – próbę rekonstrukcji struktury duchowej, która wyłania się z literackiej twórczości Olgi Tokarczuk. W jego przekonaniu bezpośredni kontekst owej konstrukcji stanowi poczucie kryzysu, a nawet zmierzchu dzisiejszej kultury Zachodu. Z tego względu Tokarczuk zmierza ku paradoksalnej syntezie antynomii rozdzierających współczesny świat, które wyrastają z radykalnie odmiennych tradycji intelektualnych, religijnych i cywilizacyjnych. Przede wszystkim Tokarczuk chodzi o zespolenie racjonalnej i empirycznej tradycji europejskiego oświecenia z nurtami profetycznymi i mesjańskimi, jak również elementami ludowej magii. Wzorem takiego rodzaju fuzji stało się dla pisarki osiemnastowieczne Podole – kraina położona na wschodnich rubieżach Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów, gdzie w burzliwych okolicznościach rodziły się liczne formy mistycyzmu żydowskiego i chrześcijańskiego.

EN

The author attempts to reconstruct the spiritual structure that emerges from the literary work of Olga Tokarczuk. In his opinion, the direct context of this structure is a sense of a crisis or even the twilight of contemporary Western culture. For this reason, Tokarczuk seeks a paradoxical synthesis of antinomies which are tearing the modern world apart and which grow out of radically different intellectual, religious and civilisational traditions. Above all, she aims to combine the rational and empirical tradition of the European Enlightenment with prophetic and messianic currents, as well as elements of folk magic. For Tokarczuk, what has become a model of such a fusion is eighteenth-century Podolia, a region in the eastern borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where numerous forms of Jewish and Christian mysticism and messianism were born in stormy historical circumstances.