Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Budowa zapory wodnej w Czorsztynie

100%

Ciołek G.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1948

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nr 3-4

104-110, 167

FR

On avait projeté, dès avant la guerre, de construire sur le cours supérieur du Dunajec, à l’entrée de la gorge des Pieniny, un barrage et une turbine h y draulique. Cette année, les facteurs intéressés dans la construction du barrage ont beaucoup discuté la question. Comme la masse d'eau du barrage projeté doit couvrir une des plus belles parties, du point de vue pittoresque, de la Pologne, et qu’en cet endroit devaient se trouver de précieux monuments de la construction en bois de Dębno, de Harklowa, ainsi que les châteaux de Niedzica et de Czorsztyn, — les arguments de la protection du payisage des monument de la culture l’emportèrent dans la discussion. L’auteur présente en détails tous les arguments qui décidèrent d’abandonner la construction du barrage.

2

Wkład polskich przyrodników w kształtowanie się idei pogranicznych parków narodowych (w 80. rocznicę utworzenia Parku Narodowego w Pieninach)

84%

Grębecka W. , Wysokińska B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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tom R. 57, nr 2

97--109

EN

Scientific foundations of the protection of nature date back to the 19th century and were ever since further refined on the basis of thorough natural research of the most prominent scientists from many countries. Polish scientists stood out with their commitment in shaping and implementation of the protection of nature; here the names of such naturalists as for example Władysław Szafer (1886-1970) and Walery Goetel (1889-1972) should not be omitted. The result of their pioneering activity and many years’ endeavours was inter alia the first in Europe frontier national park in Pieniny created at the beginning of the 30s of the 20th century, at the border of Poland and Slovakia (then Czechoslovakia). However, despite many years of intensive activity of multitude of scientists and defenders of nature at the Tatra mountains, the initiative of creation of the first planned frontier national park there was not realized. Walery Goetel, who took part in setting the Polish-Czechoslovakian frontier and, together with other naturalists, also strived for taking into consideration the protection of nature, was especially committed and full of initiative. Thanks to his exertions, in the so-called Cracow Protocol (which settled the question of borders and borderland of Poland and Chechoslovakia and was finally signed in May 1924) die governments of both countries were advised to settle an agreement concerning national park. It was based on a similar convention made by the United States and Canada. That’s how the long-term exertions to create the National Park in Pieniny mountains enjoyed success, despite the lack of final legal regulations. During the ceremony at Szczawnica on August 31st 1930, Polish Pieniny were announced to become the national park,. Then on June 1st 1932 the regulation of the Minister of Agriculture was proclaimed on the creation of a special entity called „the National Park in Pieniny”. In the same year the activity of the Slovakian Natural Reservation situated on the other side of the border was started. Thanks to these events, on July 17th 1932 the creation of the first European frontier national park was announced.

3

ZAMEK CZORSZTYN ZABYTKOWA RUINA W PARKU NARODOWYM

84%

Stępień P. M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2005

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nr 1

5-28

EN

Researchers have acknowledged that the oldest fortress on the site of the present-day castle was built during the third quarter of the thirteenth century and became known as “Wronin”. The castle named “Czorsztyn”, expanded and redesigned upon numerous occasions starting with the fourteenth century, played the part of a custom house, the seat of the office of a starosta not associated with the castletown, and a royal residence located next to an important route to Hungary. In 1629-1643 starosta Jan Baranowski, the count of Jastrzębiec, basically redesigned the object. The downfall of the castle began with its devastation in 1734-1735, and final collapse was caused by a fire which broke out in 1790. From that time on, the castle remained a ruin. This was the state in which it was discovered by nineteenth-century tourists and artists, becoming part of the Polish Romantic tradition. Attempts at preserving the ruins were made already during the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century by the owners of the castle, members of the Drohojowski family. A natural reserve was created in 1921 after rare (endemic) species of plants were found amidst the ruins. During the 1950s limited preservation work was conducted after the monument was taken over by the State Treasury. Changes in the surrounding environment caused by the construction of an artificial water reservoir made it necessary to embark upon wider conservation undertakings, realised since 1992 by the present-day administrator of the monument, i. e. the Pieniński National Park, according to projects by Piotr M. Stępień, an architect, and Dr. Stanisław Karczmarczyk, an engineer. The basic conservation premise accepted by all the variants and stages of the project is to preserve the characteristic silhouette of the ruins of Czorsztyn Castle in view of its above mentioned role played in Romantic tradition and connections with the protected landscape of the Pieniny Mts. The process of securing relics uncovered in the course of research and opening the ruins to visitors calls for the introduction of roofs, stairs and gangplanks within the object. From the viewpoint of construction, the basic method of protection proved to be the recreation of selected elements of the historical ceilings, arches, etc., supplemented by means of injections and roof bolting in the case of threatened fragments of the walls. The author lists the reasons and consequences of resorting to this particular method. Heretofore efforts have managed to maintain the accepted conservation premises. The correctness of the selected conservation trend is confirmed by the large numbers of visitors and their approval for the object. By using the example of Czorsztyn, the author analysed the conservation of historical ruins, claiming that the threats posed to historical ruins include the doctrine of non-intervention and unhampered fantasy. As a rule, a radically conceived principle of nonintervention signifies consent to the annihilation of the historical ruin in the near future. A similar threat is posed by reconstruction which enters into the domain of fantasy, unsupported by iconography or the outcome of architectural research. By restoring the utilitarian and technical value of the given object, such reconstruction destroys its historical merits, sometimes irreversibly. A wide field of professional solutions located between those two radical attitudes, makes it possible to preserve an object without losing any of its historical qualities.