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The spatial distribution of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) over the Kielce Upland in one day and multi-day intervals

100%

Suligowski R.

2013

tom Vol. 1, Iss. 1

39--44

This paper presents an attempt to estimate the value of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) over the Kielce Upland for one-day and multi-day intervals. Statistical methods were employed in the calculations. Precipitation data were obtained from 23 gauging stations. A regional frequency factor km (from Hershfield’s formula) was calculated for each station based on a series of maximum annual precipitation totals from 1961 to 2006. The calculated PMP values range from 120.7 mm to 228.4 mm (within the 1-day precipitation group), from 140.7 mm to 266.3 mm (2-day group), from 158.9 mm to 294.1 mm (3-day group), and from 175.2 mm to 294.8 mm (4-day group). These values became reference values used to show the spatial distribution of PMP throughout the Kielce Upland region.

Particulate and soot measurement in view to EURO V

75%

Linke M. , Singer W.

tom R. 46, nr SC3

157-164

In case of heavy duty diesel engines there is 80% reduction from EURO III particulate emission level to EURO IV particulate emission level. In case of passenger diesel cars a reduction of 90% of the particulate emission limit is required when changing from EURO IV to EURO V. This means a huge research effort for engine R&D. New exhaust after treatment systems like DPF (Diesel Particle Filter) or SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) are demanding special specifications ofthe emission test instrumentation. Low emission measuring values require a high sensitivity as well as a high repeatability of the emission test instruments. Due to appearance of transient testing real-time measurements are needed with fast response times. Low particulate emission test applications and in use emission testing for R&D but also legislation trends are described below.