Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF POLISH HOMORGANIC STOP CLUSTER ACROSS WORD-BOUNDARY

100%

Rojczyk A.

|

2008

|

nr 1(5)

73-85

EN

The paper endeavours to verify an observation that Polish homorganic stop geminates straddling word boundaries are unreleased. Fifteen Polish subjects participated in the experiment, producing stop geminates in different contexts specified for the place of articulation, articulatory tempo, and voiced-voiceless distinction. The collected samples were acoustically analysed for presence or absence of the release burst. The results do no corroborate a putative unreleased status of Polish homorganic stop geminates across word boundaries. They show, however, that the frequency of released geminates strongly depends on the place of articulation, with dental /t, d/ released most frequently. Voiceless stops tend to be more readily released than voiced stops, albeit this tendency is only close to significant. Moreover, a significant impact of the tempo of articulation on the occurrence of the release burst has been demonstrated for both voiced and voiceless stops - longer utterance are conducive to unreleased realisations of geminates.

2

Já a nejá v rytmu lyriky

100%

Jiracek P.

Česká literatura (Czech Literature)

|

2006

|

tom 54

|

nr 2-3

26-40

EN

In this article the author seeks to define more precisely the atmosphere (the non-linear rhythm) of verse and the situation, which he sees as the unsymmetrical analysis of the basic evaluative approaches to the Ich and non-Ich. He creates a symmetrical structure of eight basic rhythmic qualities of atmosphere, and, after extensive psychosemantic research, finds 216 distinct rhythmic qualities in Czech verse. He then applies what he has discovered to a description of the atmosphere of six Czech lines, again based on his psychosemantic research into the evaluative approach.

3

GEMINATES IN SLAVONIC LANGUAGES

100%

Kozyra A.

|

2008

|

nr 1(5)

257-266

EN

The article presents typological description of consonantal geminates in the Slavonic languages, especially in Polish, Belorussian and Serbian. It is a preliminary study, a part of the bigger project that aims at investigation of a scope of the geminates' occurrence in all Slavonic languages - in the project the geminates' frequency in dictionaries and texts will be found and the morphological and phonetic restrictions of their appearance will be defined. The author is going to examine the process of adaptation of the newest borrowings with geminates in different Slavonic languages to define tendencies of the development.

4

ICELANDIC VOWEL LENGTH AND GOVERNING RELATIONS IN PHONOLOGY

100%

Gussman E.

|

2006

|

tom 48

21-41

EN

The present paper intends to voice a series of critical observations on the vowel length in Icelandic in the light of Government Phonology. Vowels in Modern Icelandic can be long in stressed syllables when followed by appropriate consonant combinations. A Government Phonology perspective allows us to regard the length as a metrical phenomenon with vowels being long in stressed open syllables. Accordingly, the shortness of a vowel indicates that it closes with a coda consonant. The vowel length regularity is used to study the nature of the consonant combination which follows the stressed nucleus. In line with a long standing tradition, Government Phonology maintains that the consonants which can be supported in the coda position depend on the nature of the following onset. In brief, the onset should be stronger or more complex than the coda. The Icelandic facts only partly conform to this principle. We investigate a number of cases where the predictions are not borne out and where paradoxes emerge. The rhyme-onset governing domain is contrasted with the interonset relationship and partly also with branching onsets. It is argued that the classical formulation of the complexity condition does not provide a fully reliable tool for establishing the relations that adjacent consonants contract.

5

THE VOICE ONSET TIME IN POLISH AND ENGLISH: PERCEPTION EXPERIMENTS (Dlugosc czasu odsuniecia dzwiecznosci w jezyku polskim i angielskim. Badanie percepcji)

80%

Rojczyk A.

|

2009

|

nr 1(7)

29-48

EN

The Voice Onset Time (VOT) introduced by Lisker and Abramson (1964) is defined as the single production dimension, the time interval between the release of a stop occlusion and the onset of vocal cord vibration. Languages generally fall into two of the three broad categories that show little cross-linguistic variation: voicing lead, short lag, and long lag. English and Polish exploit the VOT continuum differently. While English contrasts short lag vs. long lag for voiced and voiceless stops, Polish exploits voicing lead vs. short lag for its voiced and voiceless stops. This acoustic difference makes an interesting cross-linguistic scenario for perception studies in an identification paradigm. From a naturally obtained nonword keef, the author generated 8 stimuli with the VOT values of an initial stop ranging in 10ms-steps from 0 ms to +70 ms. These values span across the English VOT boundary which separates short lag (voiced) vs. long lag (voiceless) categories. In a forced-choice format, he asked two groups of subjects - native speakers of English and Polish beginner learners of English - to recognise and initial segment in each stimulus. The analysis of the results shows that the two groups performed differently in that native speakers categorised short lag into voiced /g/ and long lag into voiceless /k/. Polish subjects, on the other hand, did not exhibit a categorical shift from a voiceless into voiced category.

6

RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION AND LINKING 'R'. AN OPTIMALITY-THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF VARIABILITY

80%

Ostalski P.

|

2006

|

tom 27

19-33

EN

The paper provides the description of two phonological systems, one with a categorical rule, the other with a free-variation pattern, both concerning the use of linking 'r'. First, it shows that free variation may be captured by the Local Dynamic Reranking concept. The concept does not presume the existence of separate constraint rankings within a given accents, it merely recognizes locally fuzzy areas being determined by sociolinguistic and other factors. Thus free variation (the existence of separate, apparently conflicting variants: rhoticity-nonrhoticity) may not only be described but also explained within a single theoretical framework. Obviously a lot remains to be done in the field of how statically undetermined (neutralized) rankings are dynamically ranked and what causes the fuzziness of local neutralized areas within constraint rankings. Second aside from the explanation of the phenomenon of free variation, the present study attempts to avoid the arbitrariness of the choice of free variants. By combining constraints and underlying forms (floating nature) the paper shows that a given sound appears where it does but also why it is this particular sound that surfaces. It appears that with the amalgam of both markedness constraints and carefully justified possible underlying representations will one be able to come completely to terms with surface phonological variation which is so much a part of any linguistic interaction in any human language.

7

SLOVAK PRONUNCIATION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF METHODOLOGICAL ORIENTATION OF J. STANISLAV'S LINGUISTICS WORKS

80%

Sedlakova M.

Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)

|

2007

|

tom 72

|

nr 4

204-209

EN

Based on a thorough analysis of the given Stanislav's work that in theme deviates from his publications oriented mostly historically, the paper confirms that the method of research predominantly reflects the author's way of thinking and that the theme of research has only a marginal influence on it. However, the linguistic works of J. Stanislav show natural tendencies of a gradual (though unfinished) transition from one methodology to another one naturally following in development. Like structuralism was a natural result of positivistically accumulated human knowledge, also in Stanislav's work the amount of accumulated knowledge from historical and general linguistics and his good command of several live languages and dialects supported by scientific intuition naturally transformed into functional conclusions in synchronic phonetics and phonology (identical with conclusions of linguistic structuralism).

8

PROPOSAL FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF ARABIC WORDS INTO SLOVAK

80%

Khidayer E. , Jarunek E.

Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)

|

2005

|

tom 70

|

nr 1-2

38-51

EN

Especially in the recent years, a considerable number of foreign words has emerged in the Slovak media and literature, among them many originating in languages using other than Latin-based scripts. These words often appear in variable shapes, apparently without any consistency. The article tackles the chaos existing in the transcription of Arabic words for the Slovak media and popularisation texts and suggests a set of rules for this purpose, trying to preserve the maximum of the original language phonology and, at the same time, to make the resulting form as simple as possible, either for printing or for reading. To avoid ambiguities arising from the use of grapheme clusters such as 'th', the proposed rules sacrifice a limited number of phonemes, viz. the Arabic underscored t and d, which graphically merge into t and d respectively. Similar is the fate of the so-called emphatic consonants, usually transliterated with 'dotted' characters. The article puts a special emphasis on preserving the phonological quality and quantity of Arabic vowels, both of which can be easily rendered in the written Slovak language. The same holds true for the quantity of Arabic consonants, if present. Attached to the article is a list of the most frequent Arabic proper names occuring in the field of politics.

9

The structure and dynamics of normal language processing: Insights from neuroimaging

60%

Heim S.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

|

2005

|

tom 65

|

nr 1

95-116

EN

This paper reviews current psycholinguistic and neuroimaging evidence on language processing with particular focus on the relationship between production and comprehension. In the first part, different methods of psycholinguistic research are introduced and examples for psycholinguistic models (production: Levelt et al. 1999; comprehension: Friederici 2002) are sketched. In the second part, the neural correlates of semantic, phonological, and syntactic processing are reviewed. For semantics and phonology there seem to be different fronto-temporal networks which are shared in production and comprehension. The results for the processing of syntactic information are not entirely conclusive. Yet the data reveal that phonological strategies may be used in syntactic tasks. This finding opens the discussion of alternative, phonology-based strategies for language processing. Such strategies are accounted for by dual-route models featuring one direct and one indirect route which often involves phonological processing. This insight leads to some tentative conclusions about remediation strategies in dyslexics with selective (e.g., phonological) deficits.

10

Lingvistický odkaz Ľudovíta Nováka

60%

Sabol J.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

|

2010

|

tom 92

|

nr 1-2

18-29

EN

In his paper, the author considers both the methodological and the research contribution of the Academician Ľudovít Novák (*15th October 1908 in Skalica – †27th September 1992 in Ľubochňa), the creator of modern Slovak linguistics. His work as its founder and as a philologist influenced Slovak linguistic thought. In a wider context, it was also influential especially in the field of Slovak orthoepy and phonology, that of phonological and partly morphological, but also “external”, history of the Slovak language and within the milieu of general linguistics.

11

ADAPTÁCIA ANGLICKEJ INICIÁLOVEJ SKRATKY PR (PUBLIC RELATIONS) V SLOVENČINE

60%

Gavurová M.

Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)

|

2011

|

tom 76

|

nr 3

160 – 165

EN

The paper deals with the process of adopting English abbreviation PR (abbreviated from the noun phrase Public Relations) to Slovak by means of using its original English pronunciation /pi: ‚a:(r)/ as a lexeme píár/piár. The adaptation includes changes on both phonological (shift in stress pattern, shortening of a vowel length) and morphological level to adopt for Slovak inflection system (parallel use of uninflected and inflected forms). The process of adopting continues by word-formation of derived lexemes (piárový, piárovanie, piárista) and compounds (piármanažér, piárporadca) from the root piár. The author believes such tendencies help to distinguish abbreviation PR from other homographic abbreviations and compensate for the fragmentary character of original abbreviation PR. They also enable Slovak to incorporate abbreviation PR and its lexicalized pronunciation piár into Slovak lexicon.

12

Cognitive subtypes of dyslexia

51%

Heim S. , Tschierse J. , Amunts K. , Wilms M. , Vossel S. , Willmes K. , Grabowska A. , Huber W.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

|

2008

|

tom 68

|

nr 1

73-82

EN

Different theories conceptualise dyslexia as either a phonological, attentional, auditory, magnocellular, or automatisation deficit. Such heterogeneity suggests the existence of yet unrecognised subtypes of dyslexics suffering from distinguishable deficits. The purpose of the study was to identify cognitive subtypes of dyslexia. Out of 642 children screened for reading ability 49 dyslexics and 48 controls were tested for phonological awareness, auditory discrimination, motion detection, visual attention, and rhythm imitation. A combined cluster and discriminant analysis approach revealed three clusters of dyslexics with different cognitive deficits. Compared to reading-unimpaired children cluster no. 1 had worse phonological awareness; cluster no. 2 had higher attentional costs; cluster no. 3 performed worse in the phonological, auditory, and magnocellular tasks. These results indicate that dyslexia may result from distinct cognitive impairments. As a consequence, prevention and remediation programmes should be specifically targeted for the individual child's deficit pattern.