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2 Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

2 2009

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Chłop polski w teorii i praktyce

100%

Łuczewski M.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

2009

tom 69

169-190

The intention of this article is to analyze the state of research about the peasants and the nation upon the example of the most relevant publications from the last decade. At the same time, the article indicates three prime problems faced by the researchers: the connection of theory and empirical quantities, the formulation of good definitions (conceptualization), and suitable explanations. First and foremost, it was proved that the process of joining theory and empirical quantities has not been resolved properly; at the same time, emphasis has been placed on valuable exceptions (Mędrzecki, Olszewski, Bończa-Tomaszewski). Second, similarly critical assessments relate to definitions created in the analysed works. Even the most sophisticated proposal, i.e. the one made by Struve (subjective identification, objective national identity), is still insufficient to reflect the complicated nature of national phenomena, since it does not take into consideration the national discourse. Third, against this background the explanation of national processes appears to be even more complicated. True, researchers have created numerous interesting descriptive typologies (Kieniewicz, Mędrzecki), but such difficult problems as linking objective and subjective factors, micro- and macro-analyses and diachronic and synchronic dimensions still have to be resolved; the same holds true for the construction of a complete explanation that would encompass the social context and relations between social subjects and cognitive processes. Each of the discussed publications proposes its own solution of these problems, but does not elucidate all in a satisfactory manner.

Greckokatolicka rodzina chłopska w ziemi chełmskiej w końcu XVIII w.

80%

Miesiąc-Stępińska A. , Rzemieniecki K.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

2009

tom 69

91-110

The intention of this article is to analyse the structure of the population and family farmsteads at the end of the eighteenth century in three Uniate (Greek Catholic) parishes situated in the north-eastern part of the land of Chelm. The results were compared with findings relating to Roman Catholic parishes in the western parts of the Kingdom of Poland, primarily in Greater Poland. The study was based on parish population polls conducted by the local rectors in 1791–1792 upon the request of the Civilian-Military Order Commissions. The Greek Catholic parishes revealed a population structure different than the one in their Roman Catholic counterparts; the same holds true for peasant farmsteads with a similar number of persons per single farm, i.e. 6–7. There is a distinctive connection between the considerable participation of relatives within the structure of the Uniate peasant household and the small number of servants and tenant farmers, almost absent in the examined parishes. In the studied community tenant farmers constituted 2,7% of the population, servants – 2%, and relatives – 33,6%, while in parishes situated in the west tenant farmers totalled 7,3–16,4%, servants – 12,5–24,4%, and relatives – 4,5-14,1% of the whole population. The large participation of relatives in the employment structure of the farmsteads in the eastern parishes unquestionably reduced the need for a hired labour force, while the care for and protection of old relatives, incapable of working, decreased the percentage of tenant farmers in the whole population. The presence of numerous relatives in peasant farmsteads denoted also a small number of nuclear families, which in the examined parishes totalled 41,3% of the whole population, while in the western parishes was never lower than 62%.