Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

THE COMPARISON OF COGNITIVE LIMITATIONS IN WORKING MEMORY IN DEPRESSION AND OLD AGE: A REVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS FROM OWN RESEARCH

100%

Brzezicka-Rotkiewicz A. , Sedek G.

Psychological Studies

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2005

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tom 43

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nr 1

63-74

EN

This paper presents the analyses of limitations in working memory functions among older adults in comparison to depressed students and to appropriate control participants. The first part reviews the newest findings from the neuroimaging studies on working memory among depressed and older adults. These studies showed some interesting similarities in activation of brain regions involved in working memory functioning and its specific pattern in either depressed or elder persons. The next part presents the reanalysis of the performance of more or less complex working memory tasks by depressed and older adults. In these reanalyses the authors applied the Brinley plots for comparing results from different populations and from tasks of varied difficulty. After reviewing research findings they suggest that both old age and depression may limit the working memory functioning, but the mechanisms of these limitations are different in each group.

2

CONSIDERING THE PREFERENCES OF ADULTS AND ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS WHILE EXAMINING THE SPATIAL JUSTICE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN FACILITIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE SMALL TOWN OF FIĽAKOVO (SLOVAKIA)

88%

Póczošová V. , Rišová K.

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2023

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tom 55

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nr 4

411 – 433

EN

By commonly requiring smaller walking distances, elderly have been considered more vulnerable when accessing urban facilities, and thereby have fewer urban opportunities than an “average adult”. Yet is not clear if this disadvantage remains significant after considering the different needs of the elderly. The main aim of this study was to provide an analysis of the spatial distribution of urban facilities, while considering differences in preferences for facility types of the elderly (over 65 years of age) and adults (under 65 years of age). Participants residing Fiľakovo (Slovakia) were asked to state a visitation frequency of urban facilities. All the facility types mentioned by the residents were then mapped. Accessibility to opportunities was calculated in a trigonometric model of fictitious public space users, with the differences between the age groups being tested with a Mann-Whitney U test. Areas of interest for adults and the elderly were calculated using Kernel density analyses. The results showed that even after considering the different needs and preferences of the elderly, there were still significant differences in opportunities within their walking distance compared to adults. The spatial patterns of the areas of interest were similar, but with higher values of the Kernel density in the case of adults. Inequalities emerged particularly in areas where facilities catering to daily needs were absent. Indeed, to mitigate the socio-spatial injustice, it would be beneficial to deconcentrate the municipality-controlled facilities.

3

PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF PERCEPTION AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE OF OLDER ADULTS DURING THE FIRST WAVE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SLOVAKIA

75%

Köverová M. , Ráczová B.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2021

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tom 24

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nr 1

35 – 52

EN

This study is a part of research focused on the analysis of the psychosocial aspects of the perception and emotional experience of older Slovak adults as a risk group during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first aim of this research was to examine how older adults in Slovakia perceived and experienced the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We were focused on their negative emotional experience – the levels of perceived stress, anxiety and concern (regarding a fear of COVID-19 infection). The second aim was to identify differences in negative emotional experience in older adults according to demographic characteristics. The final aim was to analyze the demographic and psychological characteristics of those groups of older adults who reported extremely low and extremely high levels of negative emotional experience (perceived stress, anxiety, or concern). The research was conducted online during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants completed a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, State version (Spielberger et al., 1983), a Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983), and the authors’ scales focused on the assessment of the levels of fear of COVID-19 infection. The research sample consisted only of older adults who lived in their home environment and communicated via social networks. Online skills could have enabled them to search for information about the pandemic or to stay in contact with other people. All this could have positively affected their perception and emotional experience during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, in contrast to the clients of the social service facilities. Despite this limitation, the research study has brought important findings. It showed that older adults did not experience the first wave of the pandemic only negatively and uncovered a risk group of older adults which was at increased risk of negative psychological effects (concern) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

4

„REAL“ OLD AGE AND THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE THIRD AND FOURTH AGE

75%

Petrová Kafková M.

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2016

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tom 48

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nr 6

622 – 640

EN

The paper focuses on the relation between chronological age and health. The author understands health decline as an indicator of the transition into the fourth age. Currently the definition of the fourth age has been somewhat unclear. Some of the authors consider the fourth age as a synonym of the oldest-old and they define individuals in the fourth age based on their chronological age, mostly between 75 and 80 years. From the perspective of social gerontology, however, such a view is insufficient. Fourth-agers might be characterized especially by the loss of agency, ability to care and to make decisions about themselves. The SHARE data analysis for the Czech Republic confirmed the connection between health decline, frailty and chronological age, but it is not easy to define the exact boundary of the fourth age. Ageing is undoubtedly very individual. The frequently used boundary of 75 years seems to be unsuitable since frailty and general health decline occur more after 80 in men and women. Although the quality of life of older adults declines apparently with age, the decline is more affected by health status than chronological age. Health and quality of life are significantly influenced by the cultural and economic capital of older adults. Older adults with basic education and low income are more at risk of poorer health and lower quality of life. There are also significant gender differences. Women are more fragile, the analysis of the impact of income and education showed, however, that the relationship of gender, health and quality of life is much more complicated. To reach higher quality of life, women benefit from higher income more than men, higher education, however, brings greater benefit to men. Generally, structural factors seem to intervene in health and quality of life significantly.